Chapter 10 Lesson 3 Scientific Revolution
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LESSON 3The Scientific Revolution Early ScienceGuiding QuestionHow were the scientific ideas of early thinkers passed on to later generations? During the Renaissance and Age of Exploration, people found new ways to learn about nature. Humans, though, have always been interested in the world around them. Thousands of years ago, people began watching plants and animals grow. Activities like these were the beginnings of science. Science is the organized study of the physical world. Scientists study the physical world to figure out how things work.The First Scientists The people of ancient civilizations developed science to solve problems. They kept records using mathematics. They studied the movement of the stars and developed the science of astronomy. This science helped them keep time. It also helped them decide when to plant crops.The ancient Greeks created a large amount of scientific information. They believed reason was a way to study nature. Their studies helped them develop theories. A theory is an explanation for how or why something happens.Theories are based on what people can observe about a thing or event. The ancient Greeks and Romans made many scientific advances. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (A • ruh • STAH • tuhl), for example, gathered facts about plants and animals. Then he classified living things by arranging them into groups. He based the groups on their similarities and differences.
LESSON 3
The Scientific Revolution Early Science
Guiding Question
How were the scientific ideas of early thinkers passed on to later generations? During the Renaissance and Age of Exploration, people found new ways to learn about nature. Humans, though, have always been interested in the world around them. Thousands of years ago, people began watching plants and animals grow. Activities like these were the beginnings of science. Science is the organized study of the physical world. Scientists study the physical world to figure out how things work.
The First Scientists The people of ancient civilizations developed science to solve problems. They kept records using mathematics. They studied the movement of the stars and developed the science of astronomy. This science helped them keep time. It also helped them decide when to plant crops.
The ancient Greeks created a large amount of scientific information. They believed reason was a way to study nature. Their studies helped them develop theories. A theory is an explanation for how or why something happens.
Theories are based on what people can observe about a thing or event. The ancient Greeks and Romans made many scientific advances. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (A • ruh • STAH • tuhl), for example, gathered facts about plants and animals. Then he classified living things by arranging them into groups. He based the groups on their similarities and differences.
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Classical thinkers did not conduct scientific experiments. They did not test new ideas to find out whether they were true. They based their conclusions on "common sense." Doing so led to many false beliefs. An example of this occurred in Roman times because of the ideas of the astronomer Ptolemy (TAH • luh • mee).Ptolemy was born in Egypt. He had a geocentric (JEE • oh • SEHN • trihk) theory. Geocentric means “Earth-centered.” Ptolemy believed the sun and the planets moved around the Earth. Europeans accepted his theory for the next 1,400 years. Medieval Science Most medieval Europeans were interested in religious ideas. Hardly anyone spent time studying nature.For the most part, people based their ideas about science on ancient classical writings. They saw no need to research the facts and draw their own conclusions. Many classical writings, however, were not well preserved. Sometimes the people who copied the old texts made errors, or mistakes. At times, those errors changed the information in the writings.At the same time, Arabs and Jews in the Islamic empire preserved Greek and Roman science. They copied many Greek and Roman works into Arabic. They also came into contact with the Indian system of numbers known today as Indian-Arabic. Arab and Jewish scientists made their own advances in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. They did this without conducting any experiments. During the 1100s, European thinkers and Islamic peoples began to have more contact. This led Europeans to renew their interest in science. Europeans began to read Latin copies of Islamic works.The Indian-Arabic system of numbers reached Europe. Europeans began using it instead of Roman numerals. Thomas Aquinas (uh • KWY • nuhs) and other Christian thinkers showed that Christianity and reason could work together. Europeans also began to build new universities whose teachers and students helped science to grow.Beginning in the 1400s, to Europeans’ scientific knowledge was expanded through voyages of exploration. Europeans began to create better charts and maps. The charts and maps helped explorers reach different parts of the world. The more the world was explored, the more people learned about the size of oceans and continents. Scientists gathered data about diseases, animals, and plants. They organized the new information. Bit by bit, scientific knowledge grew in Europe. As this happened, people began to have a new understanding of the natural world.New Ideas About the UniverseGuiding QuestionWhy did European ideas about the universe change during the 1500s and 1600s? In the 1500s, Europeans began to change the way they thought about science. They came to realize that scientists had to use mathematics and experiments to advance. This new way of thinking led to the Scientific Revolution. The revolution changed how Europeans understood science and how they searched for knowledge. Scholars could study new subjects and could challenge old ways of thinking through the legal protection of universities. Because of this, scientific inquiry was associated with universities. As higher learning spread to the Americas in the 1700s, so too did scientific study.
Classical thinkers did not conduct scientific experiments. They did not test new ideas to find out whether they were true. They based their conclusions on "common sense." Doing so led to many false beliefs. An example of this occurred in Roman times because of the ideas of the astronomer Ptolemy (TAH • luh • mee).
Ptolemy was born in Egypt. He had a geocentric (JEE • oh • SEHN • trihk) theory. Geocentric means “Earth-centered.” Ptolemy believed the sun and the planets moved around the Earth. Europeans accepted his theory for the next 1,400 years. Medieval Science Most medieval Europeans were interested in religious ideas. Hardly anyone spent time studying nature.
For the most part, people based their ideas about science on ancient classical writings. They saw no need to research the facts and draw their own conclusions. Many classical writings, however, were not well preserved. Sometimes the people who copied the old texts made errors, or mistakes. At times, those errors changed the information in the writings.
At the same time, Arabs and Jews in the Islamic empire preserved Greek and Roman science. They copied many Greek and Roman works into Arabic. They also came into contact with the Indian system of numbers known today as Indian-Arabic. Arab and Jewish scientists made their own advances in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. They did this without conducting any experiments. During the 1100s, European thinkers and Islamic peoples began to have more contact. This led Europeans to renew their interest in science. Europeans began to read Latin copies of Islamic works.
The Indian-Arabic system of numbers reached Europe. Europeans began using it instead of Roman numerals. Thomas Aquinas (uh • KWY • nuhs) and other Christian thinkers showed that Christianity and reason could work together. Europeans also began to build new universities whose teachers and students helped science to grow.
Beginning in the 1400s, to Europeans’ scientific knowledge was expanded through voyages of exploration. Europeans began to create better charts and maps. The charts and maps helped explorers reach different parts of the world. The more the world was explored, the more people learned about the size of oceans and continents. Scientists gathered data about diseases, animals, and plants. They organized the new information. Bit by bit, scientific knowledge grew in Europe. As this happened, people began to have a new understanding of the natural world.
New Ideas About the Universe
Guiding Question
Why did European ideas about the universe change during the 1500s and 1600s? In the 1500s, Europeans began to change the way they thought about science. They came to realize that scientists had to use mathematics and experiments to advance. This new way of thinking led to the Scientific Revolution. The revolution changed how Europeans understood science and how they searched for knowledge. Scholars could study new subjects and could challenge old ways of thinking through the legal protection of universities. Because of this, scientific inquiry was associated with universities. As higher learning spread to the Americas in the 1700s, so too did scientific study.
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During the Middle Ages, ides about science were based mostly on ancient Egyptian writing.
During the Middle Ages, ides about science were based mostly on ancient Egyptian writing.
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During the Middle Ages, The Islamic world had little influence on Europeans.
During the Middle Ages, The Islamic world had little influence on Europeans.
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Beginning in the 1400s explorers added to the scientific knowledge of Europe.
Beginning in the 1400s explorers added to the scientific knowledge of Europe.
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The Scientific Revolution affected astronomy first. Astronomy is the science that studies the planets and stars. New discoveries made in astronomy began to change how Europeans thought about the universe. They challenged the idea that God had made the Earth as the center of the universe. Copernicus and Ptolemy Nicolaus Copernicus (koh • PUHR • nih • kuhs) was an astronomer from Poland. He began his career at a Polish university in 1491, the year before Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. Like Columbus, Copernicus challenged old beliefs held by Europeans. Copernicus wrote a book in 1543 titled On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. He did not agree with Ptolemy's theory that the Earth was the center of the universe. Copernicus developed a heliocentric (HEE • lee • oh • SEHN • trihk), or sun-centered, theory of the universe. He believed the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe. Earth and the other planets followed a circular path around the sun. Copernicus's theory went against church teachings. As a result, his book did not get published right away.Reportedly, he did not receive the first copy of the book until he was dying. Kepler's Ideas About Planets A German astronomer named Johannes Kepler (KEH • pluhr) made more scientific advances. He supported
Copernicus's heliocentric theory through mathematics. His findings, however, made corrections to the theory. Kepler included the idea that the planets did not move in circular paths, as Copernicus theorized. Kepler stated that the planets moved in oval paths called ellipses (ih • LIHP • seez). He added too that planets do not always travel at the same speed. They move faster as they approach the sun and slower as they move away from it. Kepler's theory offered a simpler explanation for the planets’ movements. His theory marked the beginning of modern astronomy. Galileo's Achievements The next great discovery in the Scientific Revolution was made by an Italian scientist named Galileo Galilei (GA • luh • LEE • oh GA • luh • LY). He believed the correct way to gain new scientific knowledge was to conduct experiments. Galileo supported the heliocentric theory of the universe. This put him in conflict with the Catholic Church. In response, the Church charged him with heresy. Some of Galileo’s studies that challenged long-held ideas were less controversial. Aristotle, for example, thought heavy objects fell to the ground faster than lighter objects. Galileo's experiments proved this was not true. Objects fall at the same speed no matter what they weigh. Galileo also believed scientific instruments could help people better explore the natural world. He heard about an early telescope. Then he designed one of his own. The telescope helped Galileo find evidence that supported Copernicus's theory that Earth revolves around the sun. Galileo also helped make better clocks. In a cathedral one day, he watched an overhead lamp swing back and forth from the ceiling. He timed each swing and discovered that they all took the same amount of time. Galileo used this idea to make a clock with a swinging pendulum. A pendulum imitates how the lamp swung that Galileo observed. The pendulum made the clock more accurate.Galileo also developed new scientific instruments. In 1593, he invented a water thermometer that made it possible for people to measure changes in temperature. Then one of Galileo’s assistants built the first barometer. A barometer is an instrument that measures air pressure.
The Scientific Revolution affected astronomy first. Astronomy is the science that studies the planets and stars. New discoveries made in astronomy began to change how Europeans thought about the universe. They challenged the idea that God had made the Earth as the center of the universe. Copernicus and Ptolemy Nicolaus Copernicus (koh • PUHR • nih • kuhs) was an astronomer from Poland. He began his career at a Polish university in 1491, the year before Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. Like Columbus, Copernicus challenged old beliefs held by Europeans.
Copernicus wrote a book in 1543 titled On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. He did not agree with Ptolemy's theory that the Earth was the center of the universe. Copernicus developed a heliocentric (HEE • lee • oh • SEHN • trihk), or sun-centered, theory of the universe. He believed the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe. Earth and the other planets followed a circular path around the sun. Copernicus's theory went against church teachings. As a result, his book did not get published right away.
Reportedly, he did not receive the first copy of the book until he was dying. Kepler's Ideas About Planets A German astronomer named Johannes Kepler (KEH • pluhr) made more scientific advances. He supported
Copernicus's heliocentric theory through mathematics. His findings, however, made corrections to the theory. Kepler included the idea that the planets did not move in circular paths, as Copernicus theorized. Kepler stated that the planets moved in oval paths called ellipses (ih • LIHP • seez). He added too that planets do not always travel at the same speed. They move faster as they approach the sun and slower as they move away from it. Kepler's theory offered a simpler explanation for the planets’ movements. His theory marked the beginning of modern astronomy.
Galileo's Achievements The next great discovery in the Scientific Revolution was made by an Italian scientist named Galileo Galilei (GA • luh • LEE • oh GA • luh • LY). He believed the correct way to gain new scientific knowledge was to conduct experiments.
Galileo supported the heliocentric theory of the universe. This put him in conflict with the Catholic Church. In response, the Church charged him with heresy. Some of Galileo’s studies that challenged long-held ideas were less controversial. Aristotle, for example, thought heavy objects fell to the ground faster than lighter objects. Galileo's experiments proved this was not true. Objects fall at the same speed no matter what they weigh. Galileo also believed scientific instruments could help people better explore the natural world. He heard about an early telescope. Then he designed one of his own.
The telescope helped Galileo find evidence that supported Copernicus's theory that Earth revolves around the sun. Galileo also helped make better clocks. In a cathedral one day, he watched an overhead lamp swing back and forth from the ceiling. He timed each swing and discovered that they all took the same amount of time. Galileo used this idea to make a clock with a swinging pendulum. A pendulum imitates how the lamp swung that Galileo observed. The pendulum made the clock more accurate.
Galileo also developed new scientific instruments. In 1593, he invented a water thermometer that made it possible for people to measure changes in temperature. Then one of Galileo’s assistants built the first barometer. A barometer is an instrument that measures air pressure.
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____Robert Boyle_________ Proved that all matter is made of elements
____Robert Boyle_________ Proved that all matter is made of elements
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________________ described the human body in detail
________________ described the human body in detail
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____________Proved that matter needs oxygen
____________Proved that matter needs oxygen
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_______________ developed the law of gravity
_______________ developed the law of gravity
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__________ used a microscope to discover cells
__________ used a microscope to discover cells
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__________________ discovered tiny organisms called bacteria
__________________ discovered tiny organisms called bacteria
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Explain why mathematics was so important Descartes because....
Explain why mathematics was so important Descartes because....
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List the Steps of the Scientific Method in the Correct Order:a. experiment to test explanationb. repeat experiments to prove the explanation true or falsec. observe factsd. find explanation of facts
List the Steps of the Scientific Method in the Correct Order:
a. experiment to test explanation
b. repeat experiments to prove the explanation true or false
c. observe facts
d. find explanation of facts