Some countries are rich and have high standards of living, while other countries are poor and have low standards of living. Development is a measure of how rich or poor a country is. Rich countries are called developed or more economically developed countries (MEDCs). Poor countries are called developing or less economically developed countries (LEDCs) (Waugh and Bushell, 2001).
Watch the video and list the 5 most developed countries in the world. (5)
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Watch the video and list the 5 poorest (LEDC) countries in the world. (5)
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The easiest way to measure economic development is to use the gross national product (GNP) per capita. This is the total amount of goods and services produced by a country (either within the country or elsewhere) in one year.
What is gross domestic product (GDP)? (2)
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Watch the video and list the 3 countries with the highest GDP's in (a) 170 (b) 2000 and (c) 2020 [3]
Employment structure
Development can be measured by looking at the types of economic activities the people in a country are involved in. There are four types of economic activities:
a) Primary industries exploit natural resources directly, e.g. farming, fishing, forestry and mining.
b) Secondary industries employ people to make things. This is called manufacturing.
c) Tertiary industries are service industries, such as power supply, water, roads and transport. Retail activities such as shops and tourism fall into this category.
d) Quaternary industries are knowledgeindustries. They give help to others. No goods are made in this industry. Banks and insurance companies, doctors, architects, teachers and nurses are examples of people in the quaternary industry. Many Government activities also fall under quaternary.
Developed countries tend to have their highest percentage of workers employed in the tertiary and quaternary sectors. Developing countries have the highest percentage of workers employed in the primary sector. Developed countries obtain the goods produced in the primary and secondary sectors by trading.
Watch the video below:
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Use the information in the table below to answer the question.
For each of the nine categories listed, classify the activity as primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary. [9]
Primary activity
Secondary activity
Tertiary activity
Quarternary activity
Agriculture, hunting, forestry, fishing
Mining, quarrying
Manufacturing, construction
Electricity, gas, water supply
Wholesale and retail trade
Transport, storage and communication
Financial insurance, real estate, businesses
Community, personal and social services
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Add each of the four sectors to get a total for each sector. Work out the percentage of employment in each sector and draw a pie chart to show the sectoral employment structure for South Africa. Use excel to draw the pie chart and paste it as an image into your answer. [8]
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Compare your pie chart with the charts for USA, Brazil and Nepal.
Which of these three countries is most like South Africa? Justify your answer. [3]
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Which of these countries is least like South Africa? Justify your answer. [3]
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Which of these countries is an MEDC? Justify your answer [3]
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Which of these countries is definitely an LEDC? Justify your answer. [3]
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Is it generally TRUE or FALSE that the higher the number of people employed in the tertiary and quaternary sectors, the higher the GDP per capita is? (1)
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Rank the four countries (Countries below and SA) from wealthiest to poorest per capita based on their employment structures. [4]
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The USA has only 2% of its population employed in the primary sector, mostly in farming, and Nepal has 81%. Yet the USA produces enough food to feed itself and export to many other nations, while Nepal is barely able to feed itself. How is this possible? [2]
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The BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) all have similar sector employment structures to South Africa. These are all technologically advanced countries that still have a large proportion of poor people. Do some research on the internet to find out how the BRICS countries are trying to become more developed. Answer the following question:
What do they have in common? [4]
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The BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India,China and South Africa) all have similar sector employment structures to South Africa. These are all technologically advanced countries that still have a large proportion of poor people. Do some research on the internet to find out how the BRICS countries are trying to become more developed. Answer the following question:
How does India differ from the other BRICS countries? [3]
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The BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India,China and South Africa) all have similar sector employment structures to South Africa. These are all technologically advanced countries that still have a large proportion of poor people. Do some research on the internet to find out how the BRICS countries are trying to become more developed. Answer the following question:
What disadvantages does South Africa have compared to the other BRICS
countries? [2]
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C Social development
Wealth and economic activity do not tell the whole story. The form of government, the health of the people, the degree of political freedom, education levels, nutritional levels and life expectancy are just some of the measurements that tell us about the quality of life in a country. The following table shows the human development index (HDI) for selected countries. Norway has one of the highest HDIs in the world, DRC one of the lowest. The maximum possible score is 1, the lowest 0.
HDI measures a combination of GDP per capita, life expectancy and education levels.
Write down the BRICS countries in the order of their HDIs from highest to lowest. [4]
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Which part of HDI do you think South Africa scores badly on? Justify your answer. [3]
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What difference, if any, does the size of the population have on the HDI of a country? [2]
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Write a short essay to discuss the effect that the form of government has on HDI. [10]
