3.1 & 3.2 Earth's Interior and Continental Drift Test
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End of unit test for seismic waves, Earth's layers, & continental drift.
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Scientists discovered changes in Earth's interior by studying ____.
tsunamis
tides
changes in seismic waves
all of the above
The ____ waves are the first to reach a seismograph after an earthquake.
surface
secondary
primary
The initial point in Earth's interior where the energy release of an earthquake occurs is the ____.
focus
epicenter
fault
inner core
According to the image below, primary waves ____ when they hit the liquid outer core.
slow down
speed up
stop
stay the same
Secondary waves ____ when they hit the liquid outer core.
slow down
stay the same
stop
speed up
6. The position on Earth's surface directly above the earthquake source is called the __________
epicenter
inertial point
focus
seismic zone
Which set of waves are probably the primary waves
A
B
c
The figure below shows that a seismograph station located at a point A. This station would receive what type of seismic waves, if either, from that earthquake?
P waves only
S waves only
Both p-waves and s-waves
Neither p-waves nor s-waves
According to the figure below, when p-waves encounter the boundary between the mantle and the core, the p-waves most likely:
stop and do not enter the core.
enter the core and are refracted.
change to s-waves.
change to a third type of seismic wave.
Based on the seismic reading below, how many minutes have passed from the arrival of the p-wave to the arrival of the s-wave?
2.5 minutes
3 minutes
4.5 minutes
5 minutes
Which layer of the earth is a solid and why?
The inner core is solid because of the movement of the outer core.
The inner core is solid because of the low pressure and below freezing temperatures.
The inner core is solid because of a balance between hot and cold temperatures
The inner core is solid because of the intense pressure and temperatures
Clear selection
Earth is composed of four layers. Many scientists believe that as Earth cooled, the denser materials sank to the center and the less dense materials rose to the top. The least dense layer is the:
crust
mantle
outer core
inner core
Of the 3 seismic waves, the _____-Waves are the slowest
Primary Waves
Secondary Waves
Surface Waves
Which of these best describes the relationship between Earth’s layers?
The hottest layers are closest to the core.
The more liquid layers are closest to the crust.
The lightest layers are closest to the core.
The more metallic layers are closest to the crust.
Considering that _________ are unable to pass through liquids, we know that the outer core must be a liquid because seismic wave shadow zones are observed after a major earthquake occurs.
P Waves
S Waves
L Waves
R Waves
As a result of seismic waves interacting with the liquid outer core, within what region do seismographs show no record of the earthquake ever having occurred?
at the epicenter
at the focus
in the shadow zone
in the crust
Seismic stations located within the shadow zone show no seismic activity of P & S waves. Choose the statements that best descibe what causes shadow zones.
1
2
3
4
The process by which the Earth divided up into layers with different densities is called:
the big bang
nuclear fusion
densification
planetary differentiation
19. Layer responsible for the convection currents that cause the tectonic plates to move.
crust
mantle
outer core
inner core
How do seismic waves change when they travel into new layers of the earth?
All seismic waves slow down and travel in straight lines as they travel into new layers of the Earth.
All seismic waves refract, changing speed and direction as they travel into new layers of the Earth.
All seismic waves are reflected as they travel into new layers of the Earth.
All seismic waves continuously speed up as they travel throughout each new layer of the Earth.
Earth formed in a swirling disk of matter surrounding the sun. As particles in the disk collided and stuck together, they grew larger and some eventually became planets. What force was responsible for the collisions between these particles.
gravity
solar radiation
seismic waves
radioactive decay
Which of the following is a source of heat in Earth’s interior
earthquakes
solar radiation
magnetic field
radioactive decay
23. One of the first discoveries from seismic wave data was the boundary between the crust and mantle. This boundary marks a change in composition, which in turn affects density. The speed of both P waves and S waves increases at this boundary. Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the crust and the mantle
The crust is denser than the mantle is.
The crust is liquid and the mantle is solid.
The crust is solid and the mantle is liquid.
The crust is less dense than the mantle.
The depth of the boundary between the crust and the mantle varies from about 5 to 8 km under ocean basins and about 20 to 70 km under continents. How do scientists study the location of this boundary?
They study the composition of meteorites.
They study the behavior of seismic waves.
They study the composition of volcanic rocks.
They study the properties of Earth’s magnetic field.
Letter B in the diagram below shows:
subduction occuring in the mantle
a convection current rotating in the mantle
the mid ocean ridge
the seafloor recycling
In the early 1900s, a hypothesis was introduced that proposed a single large landmass broke into smaller landmasses and formed the continents, which drifted to their present locations. What is the name of this hypothesis?
continental drift
subduction
plate movement
plate tectonics
27. Which layer of Earth does a tectonic plate ride on top of
asthenosphere
outer core
lithosphere
inner core
There are long mountain belts that divide the sea floor and generate new sea floor as magma rises and erupts onto Earth’s surface. What are these mountain belts known as?
magnetic poles
mid-ocean ridges
ocean trenches
subduction zones
Look at the figure below. Which explanation best summarizes the hypothesis shown in the figure?
The present continents will gradually move to form a single landmass called Pangaea.
The continents were once a large landmass named Pangaea, which broke apart and gradually drifted to the present-day locations of the continents
The continents were once a large landmass, but the north and south magnetic poles pulled the continents apart toward the poles.
The continents were once a large landmass, but the ocean levels rose, and these oceans separate today's continents.
The seafloor spreading theory was proposed by ____
Alfred Wegener.
Abraham Ortelius.
Harry Hess.
Option Carl Sagan.
The youngest rocks in the ocean floor are located at
volcanoes.
basins.
mid-ocean ridges.
trenches.
The presence of the same ____ on several continents supports the idea of continental drift
fossils
mountain ranges
neither mountain ranges nor fossils
both mountain ranges and fossils
Continental drift occurs because of ___
seafloor spreading
pangaea
magnetic reversals
earthquakes
The alignment of iron-bearing minerals in rocks when they formed reflects the fact that Earth’s ____ has reversed itself several times in its past.
magnetic field
core
asthenosphere
gravity
Seafloor spreading occurs because ____
new material is being added to the asthenosphere.
earthquakes break apart the ocean floor.
sediments accumulate on the ocean floor.
currents in the mantle rotate, pulling the crust along with it.
Studying the ocean floor, scientists found rocks showing magnetic ___
weakening.
reversal.
bonds.
poles.
The Continental Drift theory was proposed by ___
Alfred Wegener.
Harry Hess.
Abraham Ortelius.
Carl Sagan.
Tectonic plates are moved due to ________________in the upper mantle
convection currents.
subduction zones.
strike-slip faults.
divergent boundaries.
Climate evidence that supports continental drift would have been:
tropical plant fossil discovered in Mexico
tropical plant fossils discovered in Antarctica
The Andes mountain range discovered in Antarctica.
The Andes mountain range discovered in South America.
When looking at mid ocean ridges, the oldest rocks are
near the under water mountains.
in the middle of the seafloor.
near the subduction zones.
near the mid Atlantic ridge.
This picture illustrates several pieces of evidence for continental drift. Choose the answer that BEST provides evidence for Alfred Wegner's Continental Drift Theory
Seafloor spreading is occuring.
The Tethys Sea was shallow and warm.
Glossopteris fossils were discovered in all areas of the supercontinent
Messosaurus fossils appear in South America and India in relatively the same area
The dark red line in the diagram below represents the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Based on the information shown on the diagram, which of the following conclusions can you make?
Rocks near the Mid Atlantic Ridge are oldest
Rocks near the coastlines are youngest
Rocks near the Mid Atlantic Ridge are youngest
Continents drifted away from the Mid Atlantic Ridge
Which was evidence for Wegener's theory of continental drift?
continents are far apart
continents seem to fit together
different continents have very different fossils
no movement of the continents could be measured
The diagram below helps explain:
a. how Earth's magnetic field has switched over time.
b. how the ocean crust has spread apart.
Both a & b
neither a or b
The supercontinent in the continental drift hypothesis was called ____