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A rice grain is a fruit that encloses a seed. Most of the dry mass of a rice grain is starch. In rice plants starch is produced by hydrolyzing sucrose and then linking the released glucose molecules together into starch (Figure 1). The optimal temperature range for starch synthase activity in a particular stain of rice is 27- 30 °C. The optimal temperature range for sucrose synthase in the strain is 30-35 °C
Describe how temperatures above 35 °C most likely affect the structure and function (be specific!) of starch synthase in the particular strain. Using the information provided, predict the most likely consequences to starch content in mature rice grains if the rice is grown in an area where the average temperature during the growing season is 33 °C .
Question 21
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Explain why feedback inhibition, such as shown in the diagram here, would be beneficial to the cell.
Which molecule gets oxidized during glycolysis of cellular respiration?
CO2
glucose
pyruvate
NADH
Which terms applies to glycolysis? check all that apply
negative delta G
spontaneous
catabolic
endergonic
positive delta G
anabolic
exergonic
What molecule acts as the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration?
O2
OAA
H20
CO2
glucose
Use the following passage and data tables to answer the following question
Students investigated the effect of light on the carbon cycle in aquatic ecosystems by performing the controlled experiment summarized below.
The students placed equal amounts of water (pH 7) from a large aquarium in glass beakers. The students transferred aquatic plants from the aquarium to several of the beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of the beakers in the light or the dark (Figure 1: groups I and II). Similarly, the students transferred goldfish from the same aquarium to other beakers, and then they placed equal numbers of those beakers in the light or dark (*Figure 1: groups III and IV). Finally, the students placed an equal number of beakers containing water only in the light or dark (Figure 1: Groups V and VI).
After exposing the samples to light or dark for one hour, the students recorded the pH of the water in each beaker. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water will lower the pH of an aqueous solution. In the experiment, the students used changes in pH to monitor changes in the amount of Carbon dioxide in the water. For each treatment group, the students calculated the mean pH and standard error, as documented in the table below.
To investigate whether an organism in the study is capable of both photosynthesis and respiration, a comparison of which treatment groups is the most appropriate?
IV and VI
I and II
II and IV
III and V
The reaction for photosynthesis is
6CO2 + 6H20 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, the hydrogen atoms combine with CO2, and oxygen gas is released.
During the Calvin cycle, water is split, the hydrogen atoms are added to intermediates of sugar synthesis, and oxygen gas is released.
During the Calvin cycle, water is split, regenerating NADPH from NADP+, and oxygen gas is released.
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released.
Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin cycle?
How is ATP produced in chemiosmosis?
How does chlorophyll capture light?
How is ATP used in the formation of 3-carbon carbohydrates?
How is NADP+ reduced to NADPH?
Use the following passage and data tables to answer the following question
Photosynthetic activity can be measured using chloroplasts suspended in a buffered solution containing DCPIP, a blue dye that can accept electrons from the electron transport chain of photosynthesis.
Transfer of electrons to DCPIP decreases the relative absorbance of a specific wavelength of light (605 nm) by a solution that contains the dye. In other words, as more electrons are released from the chloroplasts and transferred to DCPIP, the dye becomes more clear and less blue, and the relative absorbance at 605 nm decreases.
A buffered solution containing chloroplasts and DCPIP was divided equally among six identical samples. The samples were placed at various distances from a lamp, and then all samples were exposed to white light from the lamp for 60 minutes at room temperatures. Sample 3 was wrapped in foil to prevent any light from reaching the solution. At 20-minute intervals, the photosynthetic activity in each sample was determined by measuring the relative absorbance of 605 nm light. The results of the experiment are provided below.
Tube #3 was most likely playing what role in the experiment?
dependent variable
independent variable
positive control
negative control
A scientist is comparing the characteristics of a C3 plant, wheat, and a C4 plant, sugarcane. Which of the following is true regarding these two plants?
The sugarcane plant uses rubisco for initial fixation of carbon.
The sugarcane plant has stomata that only open at night, while the wheat plant has stomata that only open during the day
The wheat plant makes glucose in its bundle sheath cells
The sugarcane plant physically separates its phases of carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle, while the wheat plant does not.
In a biological reaction, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, a substance that resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the amount of succinate molecules to those of malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect of malonic acid. Select the correct identification of the molecules described in the reaction
Vmax for the reaction when malonic acid is present would be the same as without malonic acid, but it would take a longer time to reach the Vmax.
Vmax for the reaction when malonic acid is present will be reduced in comparison to the reaction when malonic acid is not present.
Fumarate is the product, and malonic acid is a noncompetitive inhibitor in the reaction.
The entire rate of product formation, including Vmax, will be exactly the same, with or without the presence of malonic acid.
Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and fumarate is the substrate in the reaction.
Graphs I - IV depicts the effect of pH on the activity of four different enzymes.
The most likely explanation for the results shown in graph I is that
pH effects the shape of the active site of the enzyme
The enzyme has disulfide bonds
pH effects the temperature of the reaction
The enzyme has a globular structure
pH has no effect on enzyme structure
Hemoglobin is a protein that delivers oxygen to red blood cells. If a certain mutation occurs in a single amino acid, the result is a disease called sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell hemoglobin proteins can be described as having:
altered primary and tertiary structures only
altered primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures
altered tertiary and quaternary structures only
altered primary and secondary structures only
During aerobic cellular respiration, a proton gradient in mitochondria is generated by ____ and used primarily for ____.
The electron transport chain; substrate-level phosphorylation
The electron transport chain; ATP synthesis
Glycolysis; production of H2O
Diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis
Glycolysis is considered ancient, one of the first metabolic pathways to evolve because
It is found only in prokaryotes, whereas eukaryotes use mitochondria to produce ATP
It is nearly universal, is located in the cytoplasm, and does not require oxygen
It produces ATP only by substrate phosphorylation
It relies on fermentation, which is characteristic of bacteria and archaea (ancient bacteria)
It produces much less ATP than the ETC and chemiosmosis
In anaerobic respiration glycolysis is followed by fermentation – the conversion of pyruvate to alcohol or lactic acid. The purpose of this step is to allow the cell to
To produce the building blocks for carbohydrates and proteins
To generate more ATP molecules
To generate fuel for the cell
To oxidize NADH to NAD+
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
H2O and O2
CO2 and glucose
ADP, Pi, and NADP+
ATP and NADPH
electrons and H+
Which of the following statements is true regarding enzymatic reactions?
Reactants contain less energy than products in exergonic reactions.
Competitive inhibitors bond with an enzyme outside of the active site.
Enzymes increase activation energy necessary for a reaction to proceed.
Endergonic reactions can be accelerated by coupling them to an exergonic reaction.
If enzymes could not be used during a reaction, which of the following COULD be added to a system to make the reaction occur?
energy, possibly in the form of heat
substrate
product
water
Oxygen is produced when
CO2 is oxidized, and carbon is utilized in the production of carbohydrates
protons from water are used in the production of carbohydrates in the stroma.
water is split at the initiation of photosystem II.
electrons are accepted by water at the end of photosystem II.