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Gr. 7 - Structures & Forces: Section 2.0 Quiz

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Section 2 – External and Internal Forces Act on Structures

2.1 Measuring Forces

Question 1

1.

A force is a push or a pull that tends to cause an object to change its...

height or length

movement or shape

colour or texture

direction or strength

Question 2

2.

The actual effect of a force depends on three things: the magnitude, or size of the force; the direction of
the force; and ...

how the force is applied

where the force is applied

why the force is applied

how long the force is applied

Question 3

3.

In structural drawings, arrows represent forces. A force that is being applied to a heavy box to lift it off the ground would be shown by the following arrow ...

Question 4

4.

A large force is applied to a freezer to move it up a ramp to the second floor, where a smaller force is
used to push it to the window, and a very large force is needed to lift it up, to put it off balance, so it falls out the window and is demolished on the sidewalk below.

Question 5

5.

The standard unit of measuring force is named after a famous English scientist, who the first one to
describe the ‘law of gravitation’, getting the idea for the law as he sat under an apple tree. This unit of
measuring force is similar to the amount of force needed to hold an apple in your hand and is called a ...

joule

kilogram

Newton

gram

2.2 External Forces Acting on Structures

Question 6

6.

An external force is a force applied to a structure by ...

its own mass

something else

an internal force

Newtons

Question 7

7.

Identify which structure would have the greatest stability, because of its centre of gravity.

High centre of gravity and a narrow base

High centre of gravity and a wide base

Low centre of gravity and a narrow base

Low centre of gravity and a wide base

Question 8

8.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa is an example of a mass structure. The Tower was built with a lean originally
and it had been getting worse, because of the foundation on which it was built. The structure has not
fallen over yet, because its center of gravity still keeps it relatively stable. Once it started to lean more,
engineers knew that the center of gravity shifted. The reason that the Tower is moving is because ...

it is very windy in Pisa

Pisa has many earthquakes

the thrust line is inside the foundation

the thrust line is outside the foundation

Question 9

9.

A student compared his mass and weight in two different places (Vancouver and Banff). Which statement is correct?

His mass and weight were unchanged.

His mass and weight were both the same.

His mass was the same, but his weight was different

His mass was different, but his weight was the same.

Question 10

10.

Weight is a force that is measured by the gravitational pull on the object. It is usually measured in ...

Newtons

kilograms

grams

pounds

Question 11

11.

Symmetry is a balanced arrangement of mass that occurs on opposite sides of a line or plane, or around
a centre or axis. The force of gravity acting on each side is the same. Which of the following illustrations
is symmetrical?

Question 12

12.

Which of the following structures would have the greatest stablility?

Question 13

13.

An external force on a structure is called a ...

force

load

mass

weight

Question 14

14.

This bridge cannot perform its function any longer because it has collapsed. One of
the probable causes of the failure of this structure was the actual weight of the bridge, which
could not be supported by its suspension cables. This type of load is called ...

gravitational

supporting

static

dynamic

Question 15

15.

A dynamic load on this train bridge is the ...

tracks

train

cement pillars

metal beams

Question 16

16.

Designers generally use three key methods to help structures withstand forces. They include all of the
methods below, EXCEPT for ...

distribute the load evenly

direct the forces along angled components

shape the parts for the forces they are likely to face

place lighter materials above heavier materials

Question 17

17.

When engineers build bridges, they take two conditions into account: what the bridge is crossing and
what kinds of loads it will support, to decide which type of bridge will best suit the situation. Which type of bridge would engineers suggest to withstand very heavy loads?

Beam Bridge

Truss Bridge

Arch Bridge

Suspension Bridge

Question 18

18.

How well a structure will hold up under a load is important for cost, efficiency and ...

aesthetics

appearance

safety

materials

Question 19

19.

Performance requirements are the guiding principles that engineers use to design structures. Maximum
weight that the structure can support is expressed as ...

weight capacity

load performance

static load mass

dynamic load mass

2.3 Internal Forces Within Structures

Question 20

20.

Internal forces are classified by the direction in which they act within an object. A force that acts to push parts of the object in contact with each other in opposite directions is this kind of internal force ...

bend

buckle

shear

twist

Question 21

21.

When a solid material is compressed, small microscopic cracks in the material can enlarge or break apart. This can cause one section of the material to break away from the other part. This action is called ...

bend

buckle

shear

twist

Question 22

22.

Structures fail for a number of reasons. Engineers, study failed structures so they can design stronger,
more durable structures. A flagpole that has been blown over in a strong wind happens because of the
increased force that is applied to the ...

entire structure

entire base

opposite side of the flagpole's base

same side of the flagpole's base

Question 23

23.

Metal fatigue happens because metal is ...

too old to be used any more

not made properly

bent or twisted over and over again

exposed to extreme conditions

Question 24

24.

Complementary forces happen when different kinds of forces act on a structure at the same time. An
example of a complementary force is ...

bend

buckle

shear

twist

Question 25

25.

When you put your hands on your desk and put all your weight on them - then try to move
them forward your hand (much like a structure) resists movement forward because of ...

static forces

kinetic forces

external forces

frictional forces

2.4 Designing Structures

Question 26

26.

The 7 wonders of the Ancient World took many years to complete, but they lasted a very long time. Why
do you think that the Statue of Zeus at Olympia lasted so long?

It was sheltered in a valley.

It was protected by the Greek Gods.

It was made of gold and ivory, which resists corrosion.

It was made of reinforced concrete and sealed with epoxy.

Question 27

27.

The strongest structural shape is a...

square

circle

triangle

rectangle

Question 28

28.

When a structure has a single horizontal load-bearing beam, supported by two columns - one at each
end, the beam will likely bend in the middle (A box and girder bridge spanning a river is a good example). This bending exerts pressure outward on the vertical supporting beams. To strengthen this bridge, so that heavy vehicle can cross it, you should ...

reinforce the columns at both ends with braces

place additional columns in the middle

use a double cantilever design

utilize flying buttresses

Question 29

29.

An arch, which is a common shape in bridges, can support large loads. This is possible because the
force of the load is carried down through the arch to the foundation, from this point in the arch ...

loadstone

keystone

column

cantilever

Question 30

30.

Beams are common components in a wide range of structures. The advantage of I beams is that they
have a lot of strength but have less of this compared to simple beams ...

shape

mass

tension

girder

Question 31

31.

Structural stability requires that a variety of materials should to be utilized to avoid deformation and
structural failure. In a hang-glider the way that helps to reduce internal forces, such as tension,
compression and shear, on the component parts is to ...

distribute the load evenly

direct the forces along angled components

shape the parts for the forces they are likely to face

place lighter materials above heavier materials

Question 32

32.

Auto safety designers and inspectors to identify impact points when material fails in a collision use crash test dummies. When the car is rammed into a solid wall, the front end buckles. This happens to better protect the Crash test dummies (us) in a real accident. The metal deforms because of the energy it absorbs in the impact. Designers ...

do this on purpose to ensure the material buckles.

identify the weaknesses and try to fix them.

determine what materials buckle the least.

identify where the front end needs more reinforcement.