The Peripheral Nervous System

Objectives:

• distinguish between the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

• distinguish between the message pathways of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

• distinguish between the "large scale" and cellular characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

• categorize scenarios as either sympathetic or parasympathetic responses

Part 1: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

I know what you're thinking. "This formative is supposed to be about the peripheral nervous system! Why are we learning about the spinal cord? Isn't that part of the central nervous system?

Yes. Yes it is.

However, in order for us to be able to understand what really happens in the peripheral nervous system, we need to first learn about some basics structures in the spinal cord. This will help us as we start learning about the spinal nerves of the peripheral nervous system.

Let's get a glimpse into the spinal cord. Watch the first 4:15 of the video below, then answer questions 5-9.

(Remember - you don't need to watch the whole thing!!)

Part 2: The Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

Now that we have a better idea of what the spinal cord and spinal nerves look like, let's revisit the divisions of the nervous system. Read the following excerpt, then answer questions 10-

Divisions of the Human Nervous System

The nervous system can be divided into portions on the basis of anatomy, on the basis of function or using a combination of both. Most schemes begin by distinguishing between the central nervous system or CNS, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes all other nervous-system tissue. The PNS in turn is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems (SNS and ANS), with these terms translating to "voluntary" and "involuntary" respectively. (NOTE: Despite the translation, the somatic nervous system is NOT always voluntary, such as with somatic reflex arcs.) Finally, the ANS can be divided into the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on the basis of the type of involuntary responses generated within each.

The Somatic Nervous System

The somatic nervous system includes everything under your voluntary control as well as one involuntary function, the somatic reflex arc (this is what a doctor tests for when tapping the tendon under your knee with rubber hammer). The SNS includes both afferent (sensory) nerves that transmit various types of information (e.g., smells, pressure and pain) to the the brain for processing and efferent (motor) nerves that direct the muscles under your control, such as those in your legs and arms, to execute certain movements, such as throwing or running.

The nerves of the SNS are classified on the basis of location. For example, there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which originate in the head and supply the muscles of the eyes, throat and other areas within the head with both motor and sensory fibers; and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, all of which service the voluntary muscles of the trunk, pelvis, arms and legs. The neurotransmitter chemical acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter in the SNS, meaning that it tends to stimulate movements.

The Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system vs. somatic nervous system distinction is functional: While most of the somatic nervous system is under your conscious control, none of the autonomic nervous system is. Of course, the two systems interact, with involuntary nervous-system responses permitting more energetic purposeful movements and so on. The neurotransmitter chemical acetylcholine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the SNS, meaning that its presence tends to damp out movements. Digestion, the beating of your heart and various internal secretions results from activities of the ANS.

The sympathetic branch of the ANS has CNS components in the chest, abdomen and back. Its signals are processed in structures called peripheral ganglia (singular: ganglion) that lie close to the spinal cord.

The parasympathetic branch of the ANS has its CNS portion in the head and the lower end of the spinal cord. It also has peripheral ganglia, but these are close to the target organs of nervous signals rather than close to the spine.

The diagram below displays the "inside" of the ventral root. Examine the diagram, paying special attention to the differences between the somatic and autonomic neurons.

Examine the diagram, then use the diagram and reading to answer questions

Part 3: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

The autonomic nervous system regulates many of the internal organs through a balance of two aspects, or divisions. In addition to the endocrine system, the autonomic nervous system is instrumental in homeostatic mechanisms in the body. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division. The sympathetic system is associated with the fight-or-flight response, and parasympathetic activity is referred to by the epithet of rest and digest. Homeostasis is the balance between the two systems. At each target effector, dual innervation determines activity. For example, the heart receives connections from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. One causes heart rate to increase, whereas the other causes heart rate to decrease.

The diagram below shows where the spinal nerves for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems originate. Examine the diagram, then consider it and the reading as you answer questions 17-

Examine the diagram below outlining the differences between the cell messaging between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.