Cell Cycle & Cancer - Stephen J Ryan | Biblioteka

Obavezno

6

Drugi mogući odgovor:

"small" doubled homologous chromosome

dad chromosome

doubled dad chromosome

"big" doubled homologous chromosome

doubled mom chromosome

mom chromosome

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1

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1

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4

Why do cells need to divide? (select all that are correct)

to reproduce - make another identical organism

to repair damaged tissues

to grow

to maintain tissues and organs as their cells wear out

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1

Which stage of the cell cycle involves copying of all the DNA (DNA Replication)

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1

What is the name of the stage of the cell cycle where the cell moves to when the cell is not going to divide again immediately

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1

Which is the ONLY stage of the cell cycle when you would see chromosomes (not chromatin)?

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1

This image shows the 4 stages of mitosis (and cytokinesis in the last picture). In which stage are chromosomes first seen as they coil up from chromatin into chromosomes?

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase (and cytokinesis - not part of mitosis)

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1

This image shows the 4 stages of mitosis (and cytokinesis in the last picture). In which stage are chromosomes lined up on the center line of the cell?

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase (and cytokinesis - not part of mitosis)

1

The checkpoints are numbered 1 - 4 in black in the image above. At which checkpoint would the cell check to see if ALL the chromosomes were lined up correctly in the center of the cell?

checkpoint 1 (G1 checkpoint)

checkpoint 2 (S checkpoint)

checkpoint 3 (G2 checkpoint)

checkpoint 4 (M checkpoint)

1

The checkpoints are numbered 1 - 4 in black in the image above. At which checkpoint would the cell "make the decision" to divide again or NOT divide?

checkpoint 1 (G1 checkpoint)

checkpoint 2 (S checkpoint)

checkpoint 3 (G2 checkpoint)

checkpoint 4 (M checkpoint)

1

The checkpoints are numbered 1 - 4 in black in the image above. At which checkpoint would the cell check to make sure ALL the DNA had been copied?

checkpoint 1 (G1 checkpoint)

checkpoint 2 (S checkpoint)

checkpoint 3 (G2 checkpoint)

checkpoint 4 (M checkpoint)

1

What is the job of a "normal" proto-oncogene (not the mutated oncogene)?

to cause the cell to become a cancer cell

it moves the cells through checkpoints of cell division so the cell can divide (normal "acceleration")

it slows down the cell moving through the checkpoints or stops cell division

it is like when the accelerator on a car is stuck to the floor and the car accelerates in a dangerous way

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1

What is the job of a "normal" tumor suppressor gene (not a mutated tumor suppressor gene)?

to cause the cell to become a cancer cell

it moves the cells through checkpoints of cell division so the cell can divide (normal "acceleration")

it slows down the cell moving through the checkpoints or stops cell division

it is like when the accelerator on a car is stuck to the floor and the car accelerates in a dangerous way

Obavezno

4

Which descriptions of how mutations in genes cause cancer are correct?

tumor suppressor genes mutate which is like losing the brakes in your car

Proto-oncogenes mutate to become oncogenes which act to push the cell through cell division (like getting accelerator stuck to the floor of the car)

Cancer is not caused by DNA mutations

Most cancers need 5-7 DNA mutations to develop

Mutations to create oncogenes or break tumor suppressor genes give the cancer cell superpowers (hallmarks)

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2

Select all statements that make sense based on the information shown in this grap

Cancer is usually caused by a single mutation

Older people are more likely to get cancer

Cancer is more common in 60 year old people than 80 year old people

Most cancer is caused by the accumulation (adding up) of the effects of several mutations

Most people accumulate enough mutations to cause cancer before the age of 60

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10

Explain what causes cancer? Use the terms, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, accelerator, brakes, checkpoints, superpowers in your answer. To receive full credit, choose one superpower from this list and explain how it gives the cancer cell an advantage over normal cells (growing uncontrollably, evading death, processing nutrients, becoming immortal, avoiding detection, invading tissues & promoting mutations)