In early times, people observed that heat – because it seemed to flow from a hot place to a cold place –must be an invisible fluid that they called caloric.

The energy of movement is the kind of energy the particles of matter have. This energy is called phase energy.

When thermal energy is added to a solid the volume of the solid will change. Steel beams bending or even breaking in a bridge, because of an extreme change in temperature are a result of thermal expansion.

Thermal energy from inside the Earth's crust can be harnessed as a useful thermal energy source.

Volcanoes, hot springs and geysers are example of this type of thermal energy source. This type of thermal energy is an environmental pollutant.

A student who was studying for a test remembered the different models the teacher used in class to

identify the different kinds of structures. When the teacher made a tent-like position with the hands, the student remembered it represented a frame.

Roof types are designed for cover and also to serve a useful purpose in the environment in which they

can be found. A very steep roof design in a mountainous area is designed to prevent climbimg animals.

The standard unit of measuring force is named after a famous English scientist, who was the first to

describe the ‘law of gravitation’, getting the idea for the law as he sat under an apple tree. This unit of

measuring force is similar to the amount of force needed to hold an apple in your hand and is called a Newton.

The core of the Earth is made up of two layers. The inner core, which is made up of nickel and iron

reaching temperatures of 7000^oC, because of the pressure of the other layers on this inner core, it is a crystal.

The relative hardness of a mineral is measured with a scale. The scale is used to help identify different minerals, because each mineral will scratch all the minerals with a lower scale ranking than its own. Named after a German scientist, the scale is called Newton's Force Scale.

The science community rejected Wegener’s idea because they believed that mountains formed when the crust wrinkled like the skin of a dried-up apple.

Scientists estimate the age of the Earth to be about 4.6 billion years old, using evidence and theories.

Then they construct a model of what the Earth is composed of. A model is based on what is ...

The source of an earthquake can be determined by recording the interval time between the p waves and

s waves. The first place that rocks break below the surface in an earthquake is called the ...

Volcanoes erupt when they become active. Until an eruption occurs, volcanoes are described as ...

Igneous rock can be classified by how it is formed. If it has formed beneath the surface, cooling slowly, it has larger grains and is called ...

You will likely find dramatic examples of these types of rocks in The Badlands of Dinosaur Provincial Park, around Drumheller. The erosion and exposure of this type of rock took many years to complete.

Over 500 million years ago Alberta was tropical and the border with British Columbia was ...

Geological columns are formations in sedimentary rock that help scientists to determine the age of fossils they find. Fossils found in column 7 will be ...

A frame structure like your skeleton is made of very strong materials so they can support the ...

Weight is a force that is measured by the gravitational pull on the object. It is usually measured in ...

When engineers build bridges, they take two conditions into account: what the bridge is crossing and what kinds of loads it will support, to decide which type of bridge will best suit the situation. Which type of bridge would engineers suggest to withstand very heavy loads?

The strongest structural shape is a ...

The materials in structures can be evaluated according to many properties. The property that describes how easily a material can be shaped is called ...

Improving designs by using different materials or incorporating new technologies can help to make a

structure perform its function more effectively. One way to solve a structural problem is to combine

materials and components in new ...

The force that resists another object when the surfaces of each are in contact is called ...

Complete the diagram of theEarth using the terms provided. Use the "T" tool.

Match the term with the defintion.