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AP Diagnostic Exam Part 1

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Last updated 12 months ago
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Part A

Directions: Each set of lettered choices below refers to the numbered questions or statements immediately following it. Select the one lettered choice that best answers each question or best fits each statement and then enter the letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. A choice may be used once, more than once, or not at all in each set
Question 1
1.

Question 2
2.

Question 3
3.

Question 4
4.

Question 5
5.

Question 6
6.

Question 7
7.

Question 8
8.

Question 9
9.

Question 10
10.

Question 11
11.

Question 12
12.

Part B

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by four suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then enter the letter in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.
Question 13
13.

Question 14
14.

Question 15
15.

Question 16
16.

Question 17
17.

Question 18
18.

Question 19
19.

Question 20
20.

Question 21
21.

Question 22
22.

Question 23
23.

Question 24
24.

Question 25
25.

Question 26
26.

Question 27
27.

Question 28
28.

Question 29
29.

Question 30
30.

Question 31
31.

Question 32
32.

Question 33
33.

Question 34
34.

Question 35
35.

Question 36
36.

Question 37
37.

Question 38
38.

Question 39
39.

Question 40
40.

This type of energy is considered a nonrenewable energy source.
Geothermal Energy
Wind Energy
Nuclear Energy
Solar Energy
This type of energy utilizes heat that is stored beneath Earth’s surface to heat water and produce steam.
Wind Energy
Nuclear Energy
Geothermal Energy
Solar Energy
This energy source is used to generate electricity with photovoltaic (PV) cells.
Wind Energy
Solar Energy
Geothermal Energy
Nuclear Energy
Which curve in the graph best represents a K-selected species?
A
B
C
D
Dandelions grow quickly and produce many seeds, ensuring that at least some plants will survive and produce seeds themselves. Which curve best represents the survivorship of dandelions?
A
B
C
D
Certain lizards display a survivorship curve where the chance of survival is independent of age. Which line on the graph best depicts the survivorship of these lizards?
A
B
C
D
This is the location of the world’s largest hydroelectric dam, with a generating capacity of 22,500 MW.
A
B
C
D
At this site a 9.0 magnitude earthquake, which occurred at a nearby subduction zone, triggered one of the largest nuclear reactor disasters in history
A
B
C
D
Geothermal energy is the main energy source at this location because it is located on a large divergent boundary
A
B
C
D
This type of irrigation is often used by small-scale farming operations and it requires extensive labor to set up individual irrigation lines
Drip irrigation
Furrow irrigation
Flood irrigation
Spray irrigation
This type of irrigation uses a large system of sprinklers that must be manually moved from field to field and has very large evaporative losses.
Flood irrigation
Drip irrigation
Furrow irrigation
Spray irrigation
This type of irrigation, often used in orchards growing tree crops, distributes water to plants through small parallel channels between crop rows but often leads to increased soil erosion in the field.
Flood irrigation
Spray irrigation
Drip irrigation
Furrow irrigation
Which of the following is the best example of a tragedy of the commons?
Requiring permits for grazing cattle on United States parklands
Eutrophication of a pond on a farmer’s land
Depletion of crude oil on private lands
Accumulation of plastics in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch
Which of the following correctly pairs a greenhouse gas with its primary anthropogenic source?
Nitrous oxide and agricultural practices
Carbon dioxide and municipal solid waste from homes
Methane and vehicular emissions
Chlorofluorocarbons and fossil fuel combustion
Which of the following best describes a disadvantage of using genetically engineered crops over crops that are not genetically modified?
Genetically engineered plants are more likely to spread disease throughout the crop
Genetically engineered plants can decrease the genetic diversity of the crop.
Genetically engineered plants require more land to grow on.
Genetically engineered plants require greater use of pesticides.
The graph shows how biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration change over the length of a stream. Points A–D indicate different locations within the stream.
At which of the following locations in the stream was there most likely a discharge of excess organic matter into the water?
A
B
C
D

Questions 17 - 20 refer to the article below.

How New York City Is Turning Its Thousands of Roofs Into Power Providers

New York City is home to thousands of acres of rooftop [and] some of the most expensive electricity in the country….

Yet New York has been slower than other big cities in tapping into one constant source of clean energy: the sun.

Now though… some of the biggest expanses of flat roof in New York are being turned into sources of cheap and green electricity.

This year, the corporate owner of Stuyvesant Town-Peter Cooper Village in Manhattan completed the installation of the country’s largest array of solar panels on an apartment complex. And soon, the Bronx could have an even larger one, at the massive Co-Op City complex. …

In June, the state said that it aimed for 70 percent of its power to be generated from renewable sources by 2030. Two months before, the New York City Council passed an ordinance that will require most new buildings to be topped with solar panels or roofs covered in grass or other vegetation. …

The project at StuyTown, as the complex is known, incorporated more than 9,000 solar panels onto 56 rooftops, making it by far the biggest in Manhattan. It effectively doubled the borough’s solar capacity, adding 3.9 megawatts, or enough to power more than 1,100 apartments…. …

The city and state have driven much of the investment in solar power by providing tax breaks and other incentives to homeowners and landlords. The state incentives began in 2014 with a goal of creating 3 gigawatts — 3,000 megawatts — of solar capacity statewide by 2023. …

Still, the projects illustrate the limitations so far of solar power, given that they would produce only a fraction of the electricity consumed on their own sites. …

But even though not enough energy is generated to power all of the [StuyTown] complex, the solar energy will take pressure off the power distribution network on hot summer days when demand from … customers is peaking…. …

New York now ranks sixth among American cities in the capacity of its installed solar panels, according to Environment America, an advocacy group. Still, its total of about 200 megawatts is less than half of the capacity in Los Angeles, which has the highest capacity of any city in the country.

Based on the article, which of the following best identifies the author’s claim?
Increased tax breaks and other financial incentives have been an important factor for increasing the number of installations of solar panels on New York City rooftops
Current projects for installing solar panels on rooftops of apartment buildings in New York City need to be reconsidered because of criticism from apartment residents.
A decrease in available rooftop space in New York City is pushing the city’s solar farms to the Midwest
Efforts to install solar panels on New York City rooftops should be discontinued because insufficient solar energy is produced

Questions 17 - 20 refer to the article below.

How New York City Is Turning Its Thousands of Roofs Into Power Providers

New York City is home to thousands of acres of rooftop [and] some of the most expensive electricity in the country….

Yet New York has been slower than other big cities in tapping into one constant source of clean energy: the sun.

Now though… some of the biggest expanses of flat roof in New York are being turned into sources of cheap and green electricity.

This year, the corporate owner of Stuyvesant Town-Peter Cooper Village in Manhattan completed the installation of the country’s largest array of solar panels on an apartment complex. And soon, the Bronx could have an even larger one, at the massive Co-Op City complex. …

In June, the state said that it aimed for 70 percent of its power to be generated from renewable sources by 2030. Two months before, the New York City Council passed an ordinance that will require most new buildings to be topped with solar panels or roofs covered in grass or other vegetation. …

The project at StuyTown, as the complex is known, incorporated more than 9,000 solar panels onto 56 rooftops, making it by far the biggest in Manhattan. It effectively doubled the borough’s solar capacity, adding 3.9 megawatts, or enough to power more than 1,100 apartments…. …

The city and state have driven much of the investment in solar power by providing tax breaks and other incentives to homeowners and landlords. The state incentives began in 2014 with a goal of creating 3 gigawatts — 3,000 megawatts — of solar capacity statewide by 2023. …

Still, the projects illustrate the limitations so far of solar power, given that they would produce only a fraction of the electricity consumed on their own sites. …

But even though not enough energy is generated to power all of the [StuyTown] complex, the solar energy will take pressure off the power distribution network on hot summer days when demand from … customers is peaking…. …

New York now ranks sixth among American cities in the capacity of its installed solar panels, according to Environment America, an advocacy group. Still, its total of about 200 megawatts is less than half of the capacity in Los Angeles, which has the highest capacity of any city in the country.

Which of the following best describes the author’s perspective on the use of solar energy in New York City?
The high cost associated with the installation and maintenance of solar panels is barely offset by citywide savings in electricity generation
City officials should invest in energy alternatives other than solar power because New York City has some of the highest electricity costs in America.
New York City is behind other major cities in its use of solar energy in electricity generation and should continue efforts to increase its solar capacity
Since New York City has risen to the position of sixth highest American city for total solar capacity, officials should temporarily limit more solar installations to minimize costs to residents.

Questions 17 - 20 refer to the article below.

How New York City Is Turning Its Thousands of Roofs Into Power Providers

New York City is home to thousands of acres of rooftop [and] some of the most expensive electricity in the country….

Yet New York has been slower than other big cities in tapping into one constant source of clean energy: the sun.

Now though… some of the biggest expanses of flat roof in New York are being turned into sources of cheap and green electricity.

This year, the corporate owner of Stuyvesant Town-Peter Cooper Village in Manhattan completed the installation of the country’s largest array of solar panels on an apartment complex. And soon, the Bronx could have an even larger one, at the massive Co-Op City complex. …

In June, the state said that it aimed for 70 percent of its power to be generated from renewable sources by 2030. Two months before, the New York City Council passed an ordinance that will require most new buildings to be topped with solar panels or roofs covered in grass or other vegetation. …

The project at StuyTown, as the complex is known, incorporated more than 9,000 solar panels onto 56 rooftops, making it by far the biggest in Manhattan. It effectively doubled the borough’s solar capacity, adding 3.9 megawatts, or enough to power more than 1,100 apartments…. …

The city and state have driven much of the investment in solar power by providing tax breaks and other incentives to homeowners and landlords. The state incentives began in 2014 with a goal of creating 3 gigawatts — 3,000 megawatts — of solar capacity statewide by 2023. …

Still, the projects illustrate the limitations so far of solar power, given that they would produce only a fraction of the electricity consumed on their own sites. …

But even though not enough energy is generated to power all of the [StuyTown] complex, the solar energy will take pressure off the power distribution network on hot summer days when demand from … customers is peaking…. …

New York now ranks sixth among American cities in the capacity of its installed solar panels, according to Environment America, an advocacy group. Still, its total of about 200 megawatts is less than half of the capacity in Los Angeles, which has the highest capacity of any city in the country.

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support the claim that the solar panel installation on the StuyTown complex is the largest in Manhattan?
After completion of the StuyTown project, the state attributed 70% of its power generation to solar energy
The StuyTown project increased the solar capacity of the city to 3.9 megawatts
New York City now has around 200 megawatts more in total solar capacity than Los Angeles does
The installation added 9,000 solar panels to 56 rooftops, effectively doubling the total solar capacity of the surrounding area.

Questions 17 - 20 refer to the article below.

How New York City Is Turning Its Thousands of Roofs Into Power Providers

New York City is home to thousands of acres of rooftop [and] some of the most expensive electricity in the country….

Yet New York has been slower than other big cities in tapping into one constant source of clean energy: the sun.

Now though… some of the biggest expanses of flat roof in New York are being turned into sources of cheap and green electricity.

This year, the corporate owner of Stuyvesant Town-Peter Cooper Village in Manhattan completed the installation of the country’s largest array of solar panels on an apartment complex. And soon, the Bronx could have an even larger one, at the massive Co-Op City complex. …

In June, the state said that it aimed for 70 percent of its power to be generated from renewable sources by 2030. Two months before, the New York City Council passed an ordinance that will require most new buildings to be topped with solar panels or roofs covered in grass or other vegetation. …

The project at StuyTown, as the complex is known, incorporated more than 9,000 solar panels onto 56 rooftops, making it by far the biggest in Manhattan. It effectively doubled the borough’s solar capacity, adding 3.9 megawatts, or enough to power more than 1,100 apartments…. …

The city and state have driven much of the investment in solar power by providing tax breaks and other incentives to homeowners and landlords. The state incentives began in 2014 with a goal of creating 3 gigawatts — 3,000 megawatts — of solar capacity statewide by 2023. …

Still, the projects illustrate the limitations so far of solar power, given that they would produce only a fraction of the electricity consumed on their own sites. …

But even though not enough energy is generated to power all of the [StuyTown] complex, the solar energy will take pressure off the power distribution network on hot summer days when demand from … customers is peaking…. …

New York now ranks sixth among American cities in the capacity of its installed solar panels, according to Environment America, an advocacy group. Still, its total of about 200 megawatts is less than half of the capacity in Los Angeles, which has the highest capacity of any city in the country.

Currently, the rooftop solar panels produce only a fraction of the electricity used in the buildings on which they are installed. Which of following strategies would best combat the problem of insufficient electricity generation from the rooftop solar panels?
Installing passive solar energy systems on all available, shaded rooftop space and positioning them to face northeast
Installing active solar energy systems on all available, unshaded rooftop space and positioning them to face south
Installing passive solar energy systems on all available, unshaded rooftop space and positioning them to face south
Installing active solar energy systems on all available, shaded rooftop space and positioning them to face northeast
Based on the diagram, this country is likely experiencing?
Declining population growth
Slow population growth
No net change in population growth
Rapid population growth
Which of the following is a measure of the biodiversity of an ecosystem?
The soil depth at which burrowing insects are located
The total number of individuals of a single animal species
The density of individuals in a hectare
The total number of different plant species
Which of the following is the most abundant gas by volume in the atmosphere?
CH4
CO2
N2
O2
Which of the following best describes a natural process that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
Plants excrete carbon dioxide during photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is released from the interior of Earth during volcanic eruptions
Burial of dead plants and animals in swamps and bogs allows carbon dioxide to escape to the atmosphere.
Deposition of sediments into ocean basins release carbon dioxide from rock.
An ecologist examining several different ponds discovers that in one pond all the frogs are female. Which of the following most likely led to the all-female population of frogs?
Heavy metals
Nitrogen fertilizers
A carcinogen
An endocrine disruptor
Which of the following correctly identifies the type of habitat change(s) shown within each potential scenario in the diagram?
Scenarios 1 and 2 experienced habitat loss, while Scenarios 3 experienced habitat fragmentation only
All scenarios experienced habitat fragmentation, but only Scenario 2 experienced habitat loss.
All scenarios experienced habitat loss, but only Scenario 3 experienced habitat fragmentation
Scenario 1 experienced habitat fragmentation, while Scenarios 2 and 3 experienced habitat loss only
Which of the following would be most likely to occur in the scenarios that have experienced habitat loss and/or fragmentation in the diagram?
Increase in genetic diversity of native species
Increase in territory size of large mammals
Decrease in the number of specialist species
Decrease in the abundance of invasive species
Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for the changes shown in Scenario 3?
Native species were replanted in the areas, which led to fewer niches
Habitat corridors were built to allow individuals between populations to mate, which helped to prevent inbreeding and reduce the genetic diversity often found in isolated populations.
The increased edge-to-interior ratio resulted in habitat fragmentation and the formation of smaller, more manageable parcels of land.
Roads and electric power lines subdivided the landscape into smaller pieces and decreased the amount of available habitat.
Which of the following is a possible effect of global climate change as illustrated in Scenario 1?
Decreased precipitation would eliminate habitat patches.
Decreased temperatures would cause unsuitable abiotic conditions
Increased carbon dioxide availability spurs plant growth, which would increase habitat size
Increased sea level would reduce the size of the habitat patches.
Which of the following best describes the frog species’ range of tolerance to acidic conditions?
The frogs can tolerate any pH greater than 6
The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6.
The frogs can tolerate a pH between 3.5 and 5.
The frogs can tolerate any pH less than 4.
Which of the following best describes a supporting ecological service provided by wetlands?
Wetlands provide a habitat for a wide variety of organisms.
Wetlands provide opportunities for ecotourism, which provides revenue to the local economy
Wetlands serve as a major reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle
Wetlands serve as a source of aesthetic inspiration for art and literature
In which of the following atmospheric layers does most weather occur?
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Buildings designed to partially heat rooms by passive solar heating rely on (A) (B) (C) (D)
warm water pumped from underground to warm the room
solar collectors to warm water that is pumped into the room
solar cells to generate electricity to power a heater in the room
materials that absorb and store solar energy to warm the room
Based upon the data presented in the graph, which of the following best identifies the highest wolf population size?
20
120
170
190
Which of the following best describes the change in the elk population since the introduction of wolves into Yellowstone in 1995?
The elk population remained stable, experiencing little changes.
The elk population steadily decreased in numbers.
The elk population reached carrying capacity and experienced overshoot.
The elk population steadily increased in numbers.
Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone?
Wolves are extremely fast breeders and may become an invasive species if they get outside the park.
The ecosystem could collapse because wolves were never in Yellowstone before 1995.
The wolves are causing a trophic cascade that could further increase the number of beavers and tree species such as willows and aspens.
Wolves leaving the park may prey on livestock in grazing land outside the park.
Based on the diagrams above, what is the percent change in the amount of runoff in urban areas compared to forested areas?
81% decrease
60% decrease
150% increase
450% increase
Based on the diagrams above, which of the following best explains how urban runoff could be decreased?
Decrease the number of trees in urban areas to increase ground infiltration. (B) Increase the number of trees to decrease the amount of evapotranspiration
Replace more porous pavement with traditional pavement to decrease the amount of evapotranspiration.
Increase the number of trees to decrease the amount of evapotranspiration.
Replace traditional pavement with more porous pavement to increase ground infiltration
Which of the following processes shown in the diagram leads to precipitation?
Evaporation rate
Surface infiltration rate
Deep infiltration rate
Runoff rate
The spotted lanternfly is a herbivorous insect that is native to Asia and feeds on over 70 species of plants. The feeding behavior of the spotted lanternfly damages plants, and the nymph and adult lanternflies secrete sticky residues that exacerbate the damage to native plant species by promoting mold growth. The spotted lanternfly reproduces once during its lifetime by laying between 30 and 50 eggs, and the eggs hatch after a short amount of time. The range of the spotted lanternfly is increasing because the insects are transported to new environments by the movements of animals and people, and it is now found in many parts of the United States. Which of the following best describes the spotted lanternfly in the United States?
The spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and invasive species
The spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and endangered species
The spotted lanternfly is a K-selected and endangered species.
The spotted lanternfly is a K-selected and invasive species.