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AP Diagnostic Exam Part 2

Last updated 7 months ago
40 questions
1

Which of the following best describes the energy resource used most often for heating and cooking in less developed countries?

1

Which of the following correctly explains a positive climate feedback loop found in the Arctic?

1

Which of the following is the best method for preventing soil erosion in an agricultural area?

1

Using the data from the table, which of the following is the growth rate for China in 2019 ?

1

Which of the following was the doubling time for China’s population in 2014 if the growth rate was 0.49 percent?

1

Which of the following calculation methods would determine the percent change in the crude birth rate from 1994 to 2019 ?

1

Earth currently rotates on an axis at an angle of 23.5 degrees. If that axis changed to 20 degrees, so that the axis was closer to vertical, which of the following would be expected to occur?

1

Which of the following accurately describes a benefit of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) ?

1

In addition to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which of the following components must be present in the atmosphere to create photochemical smog?

1

Which of the following best identifies and describes the process that is illustrated in the diagram above?

1

Based on the diagram above, in which stage are most species present considered pioneer species?

1

Which of the following best describes the role of moss in the transition to stage III of the process?

1

Questions 53 - 55 refer to the article below.

Era of ’Biological Annihilation’ Is Underway, Scientists Warn

…Thousands of animal species are in precipitous decline, a sign that an irreversible era of mass extinction is underway, new research finds.

…
Dr. Ceballos, a researcher at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, emphasized that he and his co-authors, Paul R. Ehrlich and Rodolfo Dirzo, both professors at Stanford University,… are using scientific data to back up their assertions that significant population decline and possible mass extinction of species all over the world may be imminent, and that both have been underestimated by many other scientists.

The study’s authors looked at reductions in a species’ range— a result of factors like habitat degradation, pollution and climate change, among others— and extrapolated from that how many populations have been lost or are in decline … .

They found that about 30 percent of all land vertebrates… are experiencing declines and local population losses. In most parts of the world, mammal populations are losing 70 percent of their members because of habitat loss.…

Dr. Jonathan Losos, a biology professor at Harvard,… noted that giving precise estimates of wildlife populations was difficult, in part because scientists do not always agree on what defines a population… .
…

The authors of the paper suggest that previous estimates of global extinction rates have been too low, in part because scientists have been too focused on complete extinction of a species… .

Scientists estimate that 200 species have gone extinct in the past 100 years; the “normal” extinction rate over the past two million years has been that two species go extinct every 100 years because of evolutionary and other factors.
…

Dr. Ehrlich, who wrote “The Population Bomb,” a book that predicted the imminent collapse of humanity because of overpopulation, and Dr. Ceballos said that habitat destruction … and pollution were the primary culprits, but that climate change exacerbates both problems. Accelerating deforestation and rising carbon pollution are likely to make climate change worse, which could have disastrous consequences for the ability of many species to survive on earth.

Dr. Ceballos struck a slightly more hopeful tone, adding that some species have been able to rebound when some of these pressures are taken away. …

Which of the following statements best identifies the author’s claim about modern species?

1

Questions 53 - 55 refer to the article below.

Era of ’Biological Annihilation’ Is Underway, Scientists Warn

…Thousands of animal species are in precipitous decline, a sign that an irreversible era of mass extinction is underway, new research finds.

…
Dr. Ceballos, a researcher at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, emphasized that he and his co-authors, Paul R. Ehrlich and Rodolfo Dirzo, both professors at Stanford University,… are using scientific data to back up their assertions that significant population decline and possible mass extinction of species all over the world may be imminent, and that both have been underestimated by many other scientists.

The study’s authors looked at reductions in a species’ range— a result of factors like habitat degradation, pollution and climate change, among others— and extrapolated from that how many populations have been lost or are in decline … .

They found that about 30 percent of all land vertebrates… are experiencing declines and local population losses. In most parts of the world, mammal populations are losing 70 percent of their members because of habitat loss.…

Dr. Jonathan Losos, a biology professor at Harvard,… noted that giving precise estimates of wildlife populations was difficult, in part because scientists do not always agree on what defines a population… .
…

The authors of the paper suggest that previous estimates of global extinction rates have been too low, in part because scientists have been too focused on complete extinction of a species… .

Scientists estimate that 200 species have gone extinct in the past 100 years; the “normal” extinction rate over the past two million years has been that two species go extinct every 100 years because of evolutionary and other factors.
…

Dr. Ehrlich, who wrote “The Population Bomb,” a book that predicted the imminent collapse of humanity because of overpopulation, and Dr. Ceballos said that habitat destruction … and pollution were the primary culprits, but that climate change exacerbates both problems. Accelerating deforestation and rising carbon pollution are likely to make climate change worse, which could have disastrous consequences for the ability of many species to survive on earth.

Dr. Ceballos struck a slightly more hopeful tone, adding that some species have been able to rebound when some of these pressures are taken away. …

Based on the passage, which of the following describes the author’s perspective on why historical extinction rates were lower than present-day rates?

1

Questions 53 - 55 refer to the article below.

Era of ’Biological Annihilation’ Is Underway, Scientists Warn

…Thousands of animal species are in precipitous decline, a sign that an irreversible era of mass extinction is underway, new research finds.

…
Dr. Ceballos, a researcher at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, emphasized that he and his co-authors, Paul R. Ehrlich and Rodolfo Dirzo, both professors at Stanford University,… are using scientific data to back up their assertions that significant population decline and possible mass extinction of species all over the world may be imminent, and that both have been underestimated by many other scientists.

The study’s authors looked at reductions in a species’ range— a result of factors like habitat degradation, pollution and climate change, among others— and extrapolated from that how many populations have been lost or are in decline … .

They found that about 30 percent of all land vertebrates… are experiencing declines and local population losses. In most parts of the world, mammal populations are losing 70 percent of their members because of habitat loss.…

Dr. Jonathan Losos, a biology professor at Harvard,… noted that giving precise estimates of wildlife populations was difficult, in part because scientists do not always agree on what defines a population… .
…

The authors of the paper suggest that previous estimates of global extinction rates have been too low, in part because scientists have been too focused on complete extinction of a species… .

Scientists estimate that 200 species have gone extinct in the past 100 years; the “normal” extinction rate over the past two million years has been that two species go extinct every 100 years because of evolutionary and other factors.
…

Dr. Ehrlich, who wrote “The Population Bomb,” a book that predicted the imminent collapse of humanity because of overpopulation, and Dr. Ceballos said that habitat destruction … and pollution were the primary culprits, but that climate change exacerbates both problems. Accelerating deforestation and rising carbon pollution are likely to make climate change worse, which could have disastrous consequences for the ability of many species to survive on earth.

Dr. Ceballos struck a slightly more hopeful tone, adding that some species have been able to rebound when some of these pressures are taken away. …

Which of the following pieces of evidence presented in the article suggests that extinction rates may continue to increase?

1

Which of the following would most likely neutralize the effect of acid rain on bodies of water, based on the composition of soils and bedrock in the region?

1

Which of the following best describes a density-independent factor that controls population size?

1

Scientists want to investigate whether the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the
ocean affects fish survival. Scientists suspect immature fish larvae may be most affected by
increased carbon dioxide concentrations. Which of the following best identifies a testable hypothesis for the investigation?

1

Cane toads are an invasive species that were introduced to Australian ecosystems. Researchers studying cane toads hypothesize that cane toads are negatively affecting native species. The researchers observed different locations with and without cane toads and collected the data that are presented in the
following graph.

Which of the following best interprets the results in the graph in relation to the given hypothesis?

1

The table below shows the oral LD50 values for various household substances.

Based on the LD50 values, which of the following best describes the toxicity level of the household substances shown in the table?

1

Silver carp were introduced in the southeastern United States in the 1970s from their native habitat of China to control algal blooms that were occurring at aquaculture facilities and sewage lagoons. Silver carp escaped from captivity shortly after their introduction and are currently found as far north as North Dakota and Minnesota. Which of the following describes an unintended, negative consequence of the
introduction of silver carp into the United States?

1

A farm is experiencing extensive crop loss due to high rains causing overly saturated soils. Which of the following approaches would best help the farmer alleviate the problem?

1

Which of the following best describes a potential unintended negative consequence of implementing measures to control acid deposition?

1

Scientists are interested in measuring the effect of pollution on the water quality of a stream. They will use observations of various bottom-dwelling insects, or macroinvertebrates, collected in the stream as indicators of the physical, chemical, and biological conditions within the stream. Which of the following best describes why macroinvertebrate sampling can be used to assess the overall health of a stream?

1

Based on the graph, which of the following can be concluded about the latitudes of the two locations?

1

Assuming all other variables are constant, which of the following is the most likely conclusion about the greatest potential for gross primary productivity that can be supported by data in the graph?

1

Location 1 is most likely located in which of the following terrestrial biomes?

1

The table below shows fish harvest data from United States commercial fisheries in 2011, 2012, and 2013.

Fish landings are defined as the total catch of marine fish that are brought into ports for sale. Bycatch refers to the unwanted fish and other marine organisms that are caught during commercial fishing operations, but are not harvested or sold. Which of the following methods would you use to calculate the percent of the total catch of all fish in 2012 that was bycatch?

1

Integrated pest management (IPM) uses a variety of techniques to reduce pest populations
while reducing the economic damage caused by pests. Which of the following techniques is a
mechanical IPM method for reducing pests?

1

Which of the following best describes one way the Clean Air Act helped reduce air pollution?

1

Which of the following best explains why the lower portion of the troposphere is warmer than the upper portion?

1


The graph shows the worldwide catch of orange roughy, a type of wild caught fish, in tons, from 1977 to 2011.

Based on the data in the graph, which of the following fishing practice solutions would best promote the
sustainability of the orange roughy population?

1

A local citizen science group is monitoring the water quality of a nearby lake. They gather
water samples once a week onWednesday between the hours of 7 A.M. and 9 A.M. from the
same location. One day in August they were unable to sample within that time frame and
collected the sample at 3 P.M.

How might this modification to the sampling procedure affect the results?

1

Which of the following would be the best way to
mitigate deforestation?

1

Which of the following best explains an anthropogenic cause of the trend illustrated on the graph?

1

Industrial scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators collect enormous amounts of particulate matter (coal ash) at coal-burning power plants. Which of the following best describes an environmental disadvantage of using industrial scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators for pollution abatement?

1

A sanitary landfill with a surface area of 6000 m2 receives a yearly rainfall amount of 300 mm. About 20 percent of this precipitation is runoff and does not infiltrate the surface. A leachate collection system, which is installed underneath the landfill, is 90 percent effective at collecting and treating any water that infiltrates the surface of the landfill. Assuming consistent yearly rainfall amounts, what is the volume of leachate, in m3, that the landfill will be able to treat per year?

1

In 1978, the United States banned the use of CFCs in aerosols. Based on the data in the
graph, which of the following best explains the effect of this ban as a solution to decrease global
CFC production?

1

Which of the following statements best uses the data to support the claim that the Montreal Protocol was an effective solution for a global problem?

1

Bats use echolocation to find prey by emitting high-pitched bursts of sound and analyzing the reflection. Scientists studying a population of bats in a forest observed that their population size had declined in the years following the completion of a nearby highway. Based on the information above, which of the
following best explains how noise pollution from the highway has affected the size of the bat population?