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11/12 Soil Formation

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Last updated 12 months ago
28 questions
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Go HERE for questions 1-7

Question 1
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Question 2
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Question 3
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Question 4
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Question 5
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Question 6
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Question 7
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Go HERE for questions 8-12

Question 8
8.

Fill in the table with the correct soil horizons: A, B, C, E, O, R

Question 9
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Question 10
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Question 11
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Question 12
12.


Step 1: Horizon R (Bedrock) – Oreo cookie in the bottom of the cup.

Edible Soil Lab
You need a clear cup
Step 1: Horizon R (Bedrock) – Oreo cookie in the bottom of the cup.
Question 13
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Question 14
14.

Step 2: Horizon C – Crumbled cookies as the next layer.

Question 15
15.

Step 3: Horizon B – Applesauce as the next layer.

Question 16
16.

Step 4: Horizon A – Yogurt as the next layer. Add a starburst to the pudding.

Question 17
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Question 18
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Step 5: Litter – Sprinkles on the top.


The sprinkles represent the organic matter. This layer is usually less than an inch thick. Litter decomposes into nutrients that enrich the soil. In areas where the temperature is lower, the composition of organic matter is slower.
Question 19
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Question 20
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In the cup below draw what you see in your cup. Label both the actual soil layer or part and the edible representation of the part.

What's different about these landscapes?

Both of these rivers run through Yellowstone National Park. The Firehole River is a tributary of the Madison. In this photo, it's flowing over flat ground. The Yellowstone River on the right is cascading over Yellowstone Falls. Which river is doing more erosion? In what direction is the stream eroding?

Question 21
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Question 22
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Question 23
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Question 24
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Question 25
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Question 26
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Question 27
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Question 28
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What factors make up ClORPT?
Time
Atmosphere
Relief
Parent material
Climate
Solar Radiation
Organisms
How does climate affect soil formation?
High temperature slows down decomposition and speeds up chemical reactions that break down or weather rocks
Climate does not affect soil formation
High temperature speeds up decomposition and speeds up chemical reactions that break down or weather rocks
How do organisms affect soil formation?
Organisms like dogs dig up the soil and mix up the minerals
Organisms use their breath to cause wind erosion
Burrowing animals, plant roots, and bacteria/fungi chemical alter and physically mix soils
What is relief?
The altitude of the highest point of the rock
The latitude of the location of the rock
The topography or slope and direction a landscape faces
How does relief affect soil formation?
It influences the sunlight hours, temperature, water runoff, erosion, and organic matter build up
The location impacts how the sunlight breaks down the rock
The height of the location impacts the amount of rain and wind erosion that occur
Where can the parent material for a soil come from?
All comes from wind or air
Can be the underlying bedrock or carried in through erosion
All comes from underground
All comes from living organisms
How can time affect soils?
Older soils are more weathered than younger soils
All soil is the same age so it is weather the same amount
Younger soils are more weathered than older soils
What types of material makes up the O Horizon?
It consists of slightly broken-up bedrock. Plant roots do not penetrate into this layer; very little organic material is found in this layer
Made up mostly of leaf litter and humus (decomposed organic matter)
It is made up of humus (decomposed organic matter) mixed with mineral particles.
It contains clay and mineral deposits (like iron, aluminum oxides, and calcium carbonate) that it receives from layers above it when mineralized water drips from the soil above.
How is the A Horizon different from the O?
It is a mix of both humus (decomposed organic matter) and mineral particles
It consists of slightly broken-up bedrock
It is unweathered rock (bedrock)
It is a mix of both clay and mineral deposits
What is the common process occurring the in B Horizon?
Leaching of minerals from above layers as water percolates through the soil
Breaking up of rock from earthquakes
Erosion of exposed soil from wind and rain
How are the C & R Horizons related?
They are both primarily humus (decomposed organic matter)
They are both primarily minerals that leached from above layers
They are both primarily bedrock, although C is broken up and R is solid
Why do you think we are using an Oreo to represent horizon R?
It represents humus (decomposed organic matter)
It is easily broken up to represent the crubled parent material
It is a solid piece like bedrock
Bedrock is solid rock. Parent material is formed from the bedrock after a long weathering process. There are two basic ways that weathering can happen.

What are the two main types of weathering?
Chemical
Physical
Partial
How do the crumbled cookies represent horizon C?
It is a solid piece like bedrock
It represents humus (decomposed organic matter)
It is easily broken up to represent the crumbled parent material
Horizon B is also known as
Subsoil
Humus (decomposed organic matter)
Topsoil
Parent material
Horizon A is also known as
Subsoil
Humus (decomposed organic matter)
Topsoil
Parent material
What does the starburst represent?
Humus (decomposed organic matter)
Living organisms
Subsoil
Parent material
The decomposed litter will become
Parent material
Subsoil
Humus (decomposed organic matter)
Topsoil
Which river is doing more erosion?

Erosion by Runoff

When a lot of rain falls in a short period of time, much of the water is unable to soak into the ground. Instead, it runs over the land. Gravity causes the water to flow from higher to lower ground. As the runoff flows, it may pick up loose bits of soil and sand.

Runoff causes more erosion if the land is bare. Plants help hold the soil in place. The runoff water pictured below is brown because it eroded soil from a bare, sloping field.
What would stop erosion from an open field where soil is exposed?
Vegetation
Concrete
More soil

Erosion by Streams

Streams erode sediment from their banks. They pick up and transport sediments.


What would stop erosion from the banks of a stream where soil is exposed?
Vegetation
More soil
Concrete

Erosion and Water Speed

Erosion by a stream depends on the velocity of the water. Fast water erodes more material than slow water. Eventually, the water deposits the materials. As water slows, larger particles are deposited first. As the water slows even more, smaller particles are deposited.

Erosion in the Mountains

Streams often start in mountains, where the land is very steep. A mountain stream flows very quickly because of the steep slope. This causes a lot of erosion and very little deposition. The rapidly falling water digs down into the stream bed and makes it deeper. It carves a narrow, V-shaped channel.
Which of the following is more likely to occur?
More erosion by fast flowing rivers
More erosion by slow flowing rivers
Erosion is the same for all water

Erosion by Slow-Flowing Rivers

Streams eventually run onto flatter ground. Rivers flowing over gentle slopes erode the sides of their channels more than the bottom. Large curves, called meanders, form because of erosion and deposition by the moving water. The curves are called meanders because they slowly “wander,” or meander, over the land. Below, you can see how this happens.

Which of the following is true about slow-flowing rivers?
They erode soil evenly
They erode soil unevenly as they meander along the surface
The flow speeds up as the water meets level ground
Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water loses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates. The more total suspended solids in the water, the murkier it seems, and the higher the turbidity. Turbidity is considered as a good measure of the quality of water.
Which of the following causes higher turbidity (more particles in the water (cloudy))?
Turbity is not a good measure of water quality
More erosion from runoff of clear-cut forests, agricultural fields, or construction
Less erosion from growing agricultural fields and reforestation
Turbidity (the increase of suspended solids (clarity)) of water has large impacts on the plants and animals that live in the body of water. Less sunlight can reach the organisms in the water if there is high turbidity.

What is the relationship between turbidity and sunlight reaching the bottom of a body of water?
High Turbidity = High Sunlight
Low Turbidity = Low Sunlight
High Turbidity = Low Sunlight
Turbidity is measured with a Secchi Disc. The further down the scientist can read the disc, the lower the turbidity.

A scientist uses a Secchi Disc to determine the turbidity of several locations along a river. She takes water samples along a river upstream (before) a new construction site (A), just downstream (after) a new construction site (B), and several miles downstream from a new construction site (C).

What is the likely outcome of the water samples for their turbidity?
A - High Turbitity B - High Turbidity C - High Turbidity
A - High Turbitity B - Low Turbidity C - Low Turbidity
A - High Turbitity B - Low Turbidity C - High Turbidity
A - Low Turbitity B - High Turbidity C - Low Turbidity