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APES Midterm Review cloned 1/16/2022

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Last updated over 3 years ago
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UNIT 1: THE LIVING WORLD ECOSYSTEMS

Environmental Problems, Their Causes & Sustainability - Chapter 1 & 25
  • Understand concept and examples of the Tragedy of the Commons
  • Know and understand the 3 components of sustainability (solar energy, chemical cycling, biodiversity)
  • Understand ecological footprints, what they measure, the factors that contribute, etc.
  • Understand biocapacity
  • Know developed vs. developing countries (be able to give examples of countries)
  • Understand affluenza and its advantages/disadvantages
  • Examples of point vs. nonpoint pollution
  • Know the 3 major worldviews (environmental wisdom, stewardship, planetary management)
  • Know and be able to give examples of renewable vs. nonrenewable vs. perpetual resources
  • Difference between reusing and recycling
  • Understand the implications of poverty
Chapter 1 Practice Problems
Question 1
1.

Question 2
2.

Use the graphs below to answer the next four questions.

Question 3
3.

Question 4
4.

Question 5
5.

Question 6
6.

Question 7
7.

Use the graph at right to answer the next three questions.
Question 8
8.

Question 9
9.

Question 10
10.

Question 11
11.

Question 12
12.

Question 13
13.

Chapter 25 Practice Questions
Question 14
14.

Question 15
15.

Question 16
16.

Question 17
17.

Question 18
18.

Question 19
19.

Question 20
20.

Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems – Chapter 2
  • Understand the basic chemistry review (matter, atoms, isotopes, pH)
  • Understand the basic biology review (organic compounds, cells)
  • Understand matter quality and energy quality including the Law of Conservation and the Laws of Thermodynamics
  • Understand nuclear changes (radioactive decay, fission, fusion)
  • Understand systems and feedback loops
Chapter 2 Practice questions
Use the graphs of the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, striped bass and blue crab population data below to answer the next question.

1
Question 22
22.

Question 23
23.

Question 24
24.

Question 25
25.

Question 26
26.

Question 27
27.

The next five questions refer to the description of an experiment below.
Ecologists designed an experiment to determine whether nitrates or phosphates are more limiting to algae growth. A lake in Canada (Lake 226) was diĀ­vided into two equal-sized sections by a vinyl curtain. Each sub-basin of the lake was then fertilized, one with nitrates and carbon, and the other with phosĀ­phates, nitrates, and carbon. The amount of phytoĀ­plankton in the lake was then measured in each side, with the side of the lake with phosphates added showĀ­ing a greater rate of phytoplankton growth.
Question 28
28.

Question 29
29.

Question 30
30.

Question 31
31.

Question 32
32.

Ecosystems: What are They and How do They Work? – Chapter 3
  • Know the major components of an ecosystem (organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere)
  • Understand trophic levels and the roles of organisms within trophic levels (producers, autotrophs, consumers, heterotrophs, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores)
  • Understand the flow of energy through an energy pyramid (i.e. the 10% rule)
  • Understand food webs
Chapter 3 Practice Questions
Question 33
33.

Question 34
34.

The next four questions refer to the compounds listed below.
A. Nitrogen gas (N2)
B. Oxygen gas (O2)
C. Water (H2O)
D. Phosphate (PO43-)
E. Methane (CH4)
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1
1
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Question 39
39.

Question 40
40.

Question 41
41.

Question 42
42.

Question 43
43.

Chapter 7 Practice Questions
Question 44
44.

Question 45
45.

The next group of questions refer to this diagram of surface currents in the oceans. Indicate answer with the corresponding letter from the map.

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1
1
1
Question 50
50.

Question 51
51.

The next three questions refer to the climate graphs below. The red line represents temperature and the blue represents precipitation.

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1
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Question 55
55.

Chapter 8 Practice Questions
Question 56
56.

Question 57
57.

Question 58
58.

Question 59
59.

Question 60
60.

Question 61
61.

Question 62
62.

Question 63
63.

The next four questions refer to the human impacts on ecosystems listed below. (Indicate with appropriate letter)
A. Coral reef damage
B. Overfishing
C. Coastal development
D. Cultural eutrophication from release of excess nutrients
E. Population growth and burning of fossil fuels
1
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UNIT 2: BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity and Evolution - Chapter 4
  • Understand the components of biodiversity
  • Functional diversity
  • Genetic diversity
  • Ecological diversity
  • Species diversity
  • Understand & be able to interpret the indices use to measure biodiversity
  • species richness
  • species evenness
  • Understand the Theory of Evolution by natural selection (mutations, adaptations, fitness in environment)
  • Understand how species evolve (speciation, geographic isolation, reproductive isolation)
  • Convergent vs. divergent evolution
  • Understand difference between background extinction and mass extinction
  • Understand how evolution & extinction affects biodiversity
  • Generalist vs specialist species
  • Roles that species play (native, nonnative, indicator, keystone, foundation)
  • Understand GPP and NPP and be able to do associated calculations
Chapter 4 Practice Questions
The next three questions refer to this diagram.
1
1
1
Question 71
71.

Question 72
72.

Question 73
73.
Question 74
74.
The next four questions refer to the terms below.
A. indicator species
B. keystone species
C. foundation species
D. native species
E. specialist species
1
1
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1
Question 79
79.

Question 80
80.

Question 81
81.

UNIT 3: POPULATIONS

Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control - Chapter 5
  • Know and understand examples of species interactions (competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism)
  • Understand how species avoid competition (niches, resource partitioning)
  • Understand difference between fundamental and realized niche
  • Understand predator-prey relationships including adaptations and coevolution
  • Understand and differentiate between primary ecological succession and secondary ecological succession


Population Dynamics - Chapter 5 (cont from previous unit)
  • Understand what limits population size
  • Density dependent limiting factors vs. density independent limiting factors
  • Understand J-shaped and s-shaped curves and carrying capacity
  • r-selected vs. K-selected species
  • Understand cycles of population booms and crashes (think of your hare/lynx lab)
  • Understand survivorship curves
Chapter 5 Practice Questions
The next group of questions refer to the species interactions below.
a. Interspecific competition
b. Predation
c. Parasitism
d. Mutualism
e. Commensalism
1
1
1
1
1
The next two questions refer to the graph below of an otter population off the coast of California.

Question 87
87.

Question 88
88.

Question 89
89.

Question 90
90.

Question 91
91.

Question 92
92.

Question 93
93.

Question 94
94.

Human Population and Its Impact – Chapter 6
  • U.S. population size (330 million)
  • World population size (7.9 billion as of Nov. 2021)
  • Carrying capacity vs. cultural carrying capacity
  • Population Growth Rate (PGR) - % PGR = (birth rate – death rate)/10
  • Population Change = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)
  • Understand the Rule of 70 and how to use it
  • Crude birth and death rates are based per 1,000 people in a population
  • Most populous countries
  • Replacement-level fertility rate
  • Total fertility rate (TFR)
  • Factors affecting birth and fertility rates (education, infant mortality, contraception, child labor, poverty, etc)
  • Understand/be able to interpret population age structures
  • General population dynamics in developing vs. developed countries
  • Concerns with aging populations
  • Demographic transition stages and be able to interpret demographic transition chart
  • Solutions to population size (family planning, women’s rights/education, reducing poverty)
Chapter 6 Practice Questions

UNIT 5: LAND AND WATER USE

Chapter 12 Practice Questions
Question 95
95.

Question 96
96.

Question 97
97.

Question 98
98.

Question 99
99.

Question 100
100.

Question 101
101.

Question 102
102.

Question 103
103.
Water Resources - Chapter 13
  • Distribution of Earth’s water and freshwater availability - largest to smallest sources
  • Groundwater - zone of saturation, water table, aquifers (natural recharge vs. lateral recharge)
  • Surface water - watershed delineation, surface runoff, reliable runoff
  • Human water usage - domestic, agricultural, virtual water
  • Freshwater shortages
  • Causes
  • Locations - uneven global distribution of water resources
  • Problems with using groundwater - over pumping aquifers, etc.
  • Expanding surface water resources -
  • Dams/reservoirs, advantages vs disadvantages
  • Water Transfer - Aral Sea Case Study
  • Desalination
  • How can we use freshwater more sustainably? - agriculture, industry, homes
  • Threat of flooding - can we reduce the risks?
Pollution from which of the following is an example of point source pollution?
Pesticides from farmlands
Oil spills from leaky pipelines
Runoff from Midwestern farms
Fertilizers from agricultural fields
Smoke from an industrial plant smokestack
Countries such as China increasingly have populations that are attaining a middle-class status. This has led to all of the following EXCEPT
more people purchasing cell phones, cars, and appliances.
increased harmful effects of affluenza.
a decrease in environmental impact as residents become increasingly aware of the effects of pollution.
less arable land available for farming.
two-thirds of the world's most polluted cities being in China.
India's per capita ecological footprint is approximately
1/5 of China's ecological footprint.
1/2 of China's ecological footprint.
equal to China's ecological footprint.
1/10 of China's ecological footprint.
2X China's ecological footprint.
In the year 2000, what was the earth's ecological footprint?
1. 5 earths
1.2 earths
2.0 earths
1 earth
0.5 earth
All of the following ways would help reduce the projected ecological footprint EXCEPT
continuing reliance on the current fossil fuel-based, automobile-centered economy.
reusing resources over and over.
recycling nonrenewable metallic resources.
converting open-access resources to private ownership.
using shared resources at rates well below their estimated sustainable yields.
From the bar graph you can infer that Africa's ecological footprint is no greater than
5%.
8%.
12%.
20%.
26%.
Examples of the three principles of sustainability include:

1. Solar energy, which enables plants to photosynthesize and helps humans and helps humans produce electricity
2. Organisms and their ecosystems, the natural services they provide, and the ability of organisms to adapt to changes in their environment
3. Cultural changes such as the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution, which in many ways enhanced human living conditions but had negative effects on the environment
4. The continuous cycling of chemicals, without which life would not exist
1 and 2
1, 2, and 3
1, 2, and 4
1, 3, and 4
All of the above
In what year did the human population reach 6 billion?
8000 BC
4000 BC
2000 BC
1000 AD
2000 AD
The dotted line on the graph illustrates which type of growth?
Parabolic
Exponential
Linear
Inverse
Logistic
Both dotted lines assume that population will
increase at a linear rate.
decrease.
increase exponentially.
stabilitize.
collapse.
Refer to the figure to answer this question.


The figure illustrates

I. The conservation of energy.
II. A cycle.
III. The conservation of matter.
I only
I and II
II only
I and III
I, II, and III
Solutions to environmental problems are not always easy. This is because
Once a solution is suggested it can never be changed.
It means that people will suffer.
Laws must always be written to solve the environmental problems.
Any solution has both advantages and disadvantages.
There is only one correct answer to environmental problems.
Which of the below is an example of the tragedy of the commons?
Treaties allowing for the limited taking of whales for research purposes
Offshore clam beds in public areas depleted below replenishment levels by overfishing
Individuals catching their legal limit of fish on a daily basis
A large storm smothering a large oyster bed with a new sand bar
Shrimp boats accidentally catching turtles in their nets
What one believes about what is right or wrong in our behavior toward the environment is
environmental economics.
environmental ethics.
resource management.
environmental law.
consumerism.
We will probably not run out of resources, but they should not be wasted best fits in which environmental worldview?
Environmental wisdom
Planetary management
Stewardship
Free market
Spaceship Earth
Which of the following is not a guideline for sustainĀ­able living?
Protect biodiversity
Do not waste matter and energy resources
Avoid climate changing activities
Repair ecological damage that we have caused
Help reduce the earth's capacity for self-repair
The idea that science will solve all our problems best describes which mental trap?
Paralysis by analysis
Gloom-and-doom pessimism
Environmental nihilism
Faith and simple, easy answers
Blind technological optimism
All of the following are ways to attain a more sustainĀ­able world EXCEPT
purchase goods that use less packaging material and recycle that whenever possible.
use incandescent rather than fluorescent light bulbs.
use energy-efficient appliances and temperature control systems.
use mass transit, bicycle, or walk whenever possible.
buy food grown within 200 miles of where they are purchased.
Which of the below is NOT an economic tool that could be used to bring about a sustainable environmental revolution?
Environmental justice
Green taxes
Full-cost pricing
Micro-lending
Green subsidies
Which of the environmental worldviews below is incorrectly paired with its focus?
Self-centered-Planetary management
Ecosystem-centered-Environmental wisdom
Biocentric-Stewardship
Anthropocentric-Planetary management
Biosphere-Stewardship
Question 21
21.

Which of the below is an example of a high-quality energy source?
Iron molecules retrieved from the world’s oceans
Recycled components of discarded computers and other electronic devices
Gasoline used to power automobiles
Atmospheric oxygen gas that humans need to survive
Wood from a fallen tree used to keep a campfire burning on a cold night
The energy you use to walk from point A to point B is a result of several energy transformations from one form to another beginning with energy from the sun. The net result of these transformations is
An increase in heat energy.
An increase in usable energy.
A decrease in entropy.
A loss of energy.
Fewer electrons.
The warming of the oceans causing less carbon dioxide to be soluble in them, and at the same time leaving more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causing an increased warming of the atmosphere, is an example of a
Model of a system showing a paradigm shift.
Negative feedback system.
Natural law.
Positive feedback system.
Scientific principle of sustainability.
A scientist made the following statement in 2008:
ā€œThe striped bass Young of the Year (YOY) index for 2008, an annual measurement of the number of juvenile striped bass taken in the Marlyand portion of the Chasapeake Bay, is one of the lowest recorded since data was recorded beginning in 1990. The 2008 YOY index for striped bass was 3.2 while the long-term average is 11.7.ā€ (Kennebec Journal Morning Sentinel; ā€œCHesapeake striped bass population down for ā€˜08ā€ 10/29/2008; http://morningsentinel.mainetoday.com/sports/stories/227216717.html)

This statement is an example of
Scientists often trying to prove their results.
A limitation of science in that actual populations are difficult to measure.
Possible human bias research introduced into scientific studies.
A scientific statement that attempts to answer ethical questions of overfishing.
An example of how a theory can become a law over time.
Which of the below organic molecules is incorrectly paired with its function or role?
Atrizine-herbicide that blocks photosynthesis
Chromosomes-energy storage
Starch-complex carbohydrate for energy storage
Methane-component of natural gas
DDT-chlorinated hydrocarbon (insecticide)
The installation of ice booms on the Niagara River may well have changed the erosion pattern along the river. The irreversible loss of an island from over 100 acres in size to less than 3 acres is an example of
A negative feedback loop.
A paradigm shift.
A tipping point.
The principle of sustainability.
The irreversible nature of human change.
Frequently, studies in nature are difficult to set up and may lack some aspects of more traditional laboratory based experiments. What element of this experiment could be considered to be lacking?
An independent variable
A dependent variable
Constants
Repeated trials
A control
Which of the below is the independent variable in this experiment?
The two lakes separated by a vinyl curtain
The location of the lakes
The phosphate added to one side of the lake
The amount of phytoplankton growth
The depth of the lakes
Identify the constants in this experiment.
The amount of phytoplankton growth
The amount of phosphate added
The species of fish in both lakes compared to other lakes
The nitrates and carbon added to both lakes
The depth of the lakes
Which of the below would be a valid hypothesis for this experiment?
If scientists change the amount of nutrients, then the growth of phytoplankton will change.
Phytoplankton grows faster with more nutrients added.
If one side of the lake receives more sunlight, then that side will have more phytoplankton growth.
The amount of phytoplankton growth will vary with the depth of the lake.
If more phosphate is added to one side of the lake, then there will be more phytoplankton growth on that side.
What concept below best describes the process being studied in this experiment?
Cultural eutrophication
Denitrification in response to fertilizers
Red tide events
The greenhouse effect
Acid rain deposition
A tipping point in the disappearance of the tropical rain forests would be
the loss of habitat for endangered species as the rain forests are cleared.
the change in regional weather patterns after clearĀ­ing the forests that prevents their return.
the clearing of land for a new road to be built through the rain forest.
the clearing of rain forests for agricultural lands that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
the loss of trees causing less carbon dioxide to be absorbed from the atmosphere.
Which is NOT an important ecological role of insects?
Providing a nutritious food source for other insects and for animals such as bats and frogs
Eating insect pests that may irritate or harm other insects
Transmitting tropical disease to humans who visit locations between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn
Fertilizing the soil with nutrients from their waste material and when they decompose
Pollinating almond and fruit trees in California so the farmers themselves do not have to pollinate the flowers
Question 35
35.

Question 36
36.

Question 37
37.

Question 38
38.

Organisms live within a range of tolerance that deterĀ­mines where they live. Which of the below is NOT a range of tolerance?
Trout populations live in areas with a high dissolved oxygen content and a narrow range of temperature.
Coral polyps need a symbiotic algae living within them.
Desert cacti can thrive in areas with low levels of rainfall.
Blue crabs in an estuary can tolerate wide swings of salinity and temperature.
Royal ferns require moist areas and are only found in wetlands.
This question refers to the data in the table shown.


Applying the 10% rule, if a shrew living in a tropical rain forest has a daily requirement of 500 Cal., how many square meters of rain forest are needed to supĀ­port one shrew that feeds only on snails which are priĀ­mary consumers?
0.6 m2
1.1 m2
207.4 m2
401.5 m2
2073.9 m2
The end product(s) of the wood in a log being decomĀ­posed by fungi is
nitrogen gas.
carbon dioxide gas and water.
coal.
heat energy.
carbon monoxide gas.
Which of the below is NOT a human intervention in the nitrogen cycle?
Large amounts of nitrogen are released into the atĀ­mosphere as forests are cleared.
Specialized bacteria convert ammonia into nitrate and then into nitrogen gas reducing nitrogen availĀ­able to plants.
Large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) are released into the atmosphere by smokestacks which can cause acid rain.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is added to the atmosphere through the action of bacteria on livestock waste.
Large amounts of nitrates are added to the ChesaĀ­peake Bay causing a eutrophic dead zone.
The phosphorus cycle includes all of the following EXCEPT it
is a fast-moving atmospheric cycle.
is found in rock as fossil bones and guano.
is a limiting factor for many plants.
can be deposited as marine sediment and not be released for millions of years.
is returned to the soil as fertilizer and can cause algae blooms.
Climate and Biodiversity/Aquatic Biodiversity - Chapters 7 & 8
  • Understand difference between weather and climate
  • Understand importance of natural greenhouse effect
  • Understand what factors influence biomes (temp, precip, latitude, elevation)
  • Major characteristics of each terrestrial biome
  • Know examples of human impact on biomes
  • Mutualistic symbiosis that make up coral reefs
  • Ecological/economic services of coral reefs
  • Threats to coral reefs & causes of coral bleaching
  • Ecological/economic services of both marine and freshwater ecosystems
  • Abiotic factors that influence aquatic ecosystems
  • Biotic factors and examples (plankton, nekton, benthos, decomposers)
  • Types of marine zones and their importance (coastal zone, estuaries, wetlands, marshes, seagrass beds, mangrove forests, intertidal zones, open ocean, deep ocean)
  • Human impact on the areas noted above
  • Be able to describe and identify on a diagram the zones for open ocean (photic, bathyal, abyssal)
  • Be able to describe/identify on a diagram the zones for freshwater ecosystems (littoral, limnetic, benthic)
  • Oligotrophic vs. eutrophic lakes
  • Be able to describe/identify zones of rivers and streams (source, transition, flood zones)
Long-term differences in which two variables are the primary determinants of climate?
Temperature and cloud cover
Precipitation and temperature
Precipitation and soil type
Temperature and soil type
Soil type and cloud cover
Which of the below is an example of a change in weather?
A large area changes from a grasssland to a desert.
While climbing a mountain, one moves through several different biomes.
A thunderstorm forms and drops 1.5 cm of rain.
Increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause atmospheric warming.
Desertification of an area causes the area to see increased annual temperatures.
Question 46
46.

Question 47
47.

Question 48
48.

Question 49
49.

As one climbs a mountain, the elevation change causes a change in biomes. Which of the below is a change caused by elevation?
Biomes become more diverse because of the deĀ­crease in temperature.
Precipitation increases as air rises and water vapor condenses, resulting in vegetation that thrives with a large amount of moisture.
Temperature is highest on mountaintops because they are closer to the sun and therefore receive more solar radiation.
The land becomes arid, resulting in the growth of different types of vegetation.
The change in mountainous climate is very similar to the change in climate as latitude decreases.
Which of the below is a true statement about biomes?
Although biomes have distinctive vegetation growing in them, basically the same kinds of animals live in all of them.
Biomes have a range of temperatures and precipitation that result in specific kinds of plants that have adapted to those conditions.
Biomes have not been affected by human presence because the human population is not dense enough to impact them.
All desert biomes are hot and dry.
Mountainous areas all over the world contain the same biomes.
Question 52
52.

Question 53
53.

Question 54
54.

Which of the below is NOT an adaptation found in plants living in the desert?
Deep roots to tap into groundwater
Waxy-coated leaves preventing water loss
Storing much of their biomass as seeds and remainĀ­ing inactive most of the year
Breaking down stored fats to produce needed water
Opening stomata (pores) only at night to absorb needed carbon dioxide
Which element below will be most helpful for reducing erosion from wave action to the coastline of an island in the ocean?
A coral reef, because it is in the shallow water near the shoreline
A sandy beach, because sand is easily replaced after a storm
An offshore pelagic zone, because the large organisms that live there help lessen the size of the waves
A sand dune, because it protects the oceanic coastline from damaging waves and wind
A salt marsh, because this is where saltwater and freshwater mix
Zooplankton are animal larvae that

I. are primary consumers that feed on phytoplankton.
II. are secondary consumers that feed on other zooplankton.
III. are photosynthetic bacteria responsible for most of the ocean surface's primary productivity.
I only
II only
III only
I and II only
II and III only
Which of the below factors is NOT a primary determining factor for whether an organism is found on the surface or in the middle of the water column in the ocean?
Temperature
Salinity
Availability of light
Dissolved oxygen
Nutrient availability
Which area below will have the lowest net primary productivity/km2?
Estuaries, because most organisms cannot survive in water of varying salinity and depth
Small streams, because they are not large enough to provide the necessary nutrients
Lake edges, because people often populate lake shorelines
Ocean shorelines, because the waves sweep organisms out to the open sea
Open ocean, because of the lack of many nutrients such as nitrates and iron
The primary force responsible for tidal action is the
rotation of the earth on its axis, because the rate of rotation is so fast.
gravitational pull of the moon, because although it is smaller than earth, it is very close to earth.
gravitational pull of the sun, because although it is very far away, it is massive in size.
uneven heating, because the heated water becomes less dense and is therefore more easily moved by the wind.
tilt of the earth on its axis, because ocean water will rush to the tilted side.
Which of the below is the correct path that a grain of sand would take as it is eroded from a mountain, carried downstream, and deposited on the ocean floor?
Littoral zone āž” aphotic zone āž” estuary āž” benthos
Estuaryāž” littoral zoneāž” pelagic zoneāž” abyssal
Pelagic zone āž” estuary āž” benthos āž” photic zone
Benthos āž” estuary āž” profundal āž” limnetic
Littoral zoneāž” estuaryāž” abyssalāž” limnetic
Where are photosynthetic organisms least likely to be found?
In estuaries, where freshwater and saltwater mix and where there are many nutrients
In the euphotic zone, with low nutrient levels and high oxygen levels
In the abyssal zone, which is very cold and with little dissolved oxygen, where many organisms live and feed upon dead and decaying organic particles
In the intertidal zone, where organisms must adapt to alternating high and low tides, as well as changing salinity levels
In coral reefs, because the coral uses all the light and nutrients to survive
Which area of the oceans is most used by people for recreation?
Abyssal plain, because scuba divers enjoy seeing the light-producing organisms and the shipwrecks
Littoral zone, because it is near the shoreline and is easily accessible for recreational activities
Upwelling zones, because the upward movement makes water sports more competitive
Primary dune, because the slopes are enjoyed by skateboarders and they will not be hurt if they fall
Profundal zone, because it is deep and dark and pleasant for water skiers
Question 64
64.

Question 65
65.

Question 66
66.

Question 67
67.

Question 68
68.

Question 69
69.

Question 70
70.

Which of the choices below is the best summary of evolution?
The need for organisms to evolve a more perfect form.
The strongest organisms will survive to reproduce.
The change in the genetic makeup of successive generations of a species.
The grand plan of nature determines how organĀ­isms will evolve.
The organisms have desires for particular traits and so evolve them.
Keystone species such as alligators in the Southeast U.S. have an important role and effect on their enviĀ­ronment through
having large numbers to regulate the producers.
playing a critical role in sustaining their ecosystem.
shaping the community to enhance it for other species.
controlling bacterial levels preventing the infection of other species.
eliminating all potential predators in the ecosystem.
Question 75
75.

Question 76
76.

Question 77
77.

Question 78
78.

Protists are best described as
prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria, consisting of single cells with no nucleus.
single-celled bacteria such as thermophiles that live in extreme conditions such as oxygen-free sediĀ­ments in swamps,,water with very high salinity, or heat such as hydrothermal vents.
eukaryotes, mostly single-celled organisms with a nucleus, such as diatoms and protozoans, some of which cause diseases in humans.
usually multicelled; many are decomposers such as molds and mildews.
multicellular organisms such as mosses and ferns, which can be annuals or perennials.
Which of the below are mechanisms of speciation?

I. Reproductive isolation
II. Mutation
III. Natural selection
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
The best example of an endemic species is
the golden toad, extinct since 1989, which lived in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve.
amphibians that live in ponds in agricultural areas.
reindeer that live north of the Arctic Circle.
humans that live in the Andes Mountains of South
America.
the gray wolf, which is locally extinct in the American
northeast.
Question 82
82.

Question 83
83.

Question 84
84.

Question 85
85.

Question 86
86.

What generalized trend can be made from 1983 to
2007 from this graph?
The otter has reached its carrying capacity.
The otter is declining more than growing.
The otter is showing a slow rate of population
increase.
The otter is growing at an exponential rate.
The otter is an endangered species.
What is the percent change in the otter population
from 1995 to 2000?
-300
-87
-13.0
-0.13
0.0
Which of the following is a good example of coevolution?
An interaction between species that benefits each, such as oxpeckers eating ticks and flies found on the backs of elephants
The sea lamprey attaching itself to fish for nourishment, such as is occurring in the Great Lakes
A bromeliad attaching itself to tropical trees to gather sunlight, water, and nutrients
Populations of the common garter snake have evolved a resistance to the toxins of their prey, newts of the genus Taricha; as the newts continue to evolve more potent toxins, the garter snakes evolve an increased amount of resistance to the poison over time as well
Several species of birds, all feeding on the same species of tree, evolve traits that enable them to eat at different levels of the tree or by eating different kinds of prey species
Which of the following has NOT contributed to the explosion of the white-tailed deer population?
Elimination of many of their natural predators
Hunting laws restricting their hunting
Suburbanization eliminating many forests and creating many edge habitats
Trapping of deer and moving them out of areas where they are not wanted
Many people planting their properties with edible flowers and shrubs
Which point on the curve above reflects the selection most like that of an elephant, a K-selected species that has reached its carrying capacity?
A
B
C
D
E
Which of the below is undergoing secondary succession?
An area newly covered with sand dunes
Recently cooled lava from a volcano
A boulder field left from the retreat of a glacier
An agricultural field recently cut for hay
A newly created small pond
Which of the below is an example of density dependent population control?
Humans clearing a forested area
A forest fire burning a woodland tract
Red-tailed hawks feeding on rabbits
An avalanche clearing a hillside of all trees and shrubs
Pollution from a city killing invertebrates in a local stream
When does a tipping point occur?
A population can become weak or die off if the optimal amount of physical or chemical factors no longer exists in their habitat.
There is a limit to the number of organisms that can be sustained in a particular habitat.
Each year, more and more of the sea ice melts in the Arctic. In less than 5 years there will most likely be a summer when there is no sea ice in the Arctic and this will have large ramifications for the ecology of the area that is dependent on sea ice.
The animal population rapidly changes, as when 26 reindeer were introduced to the island of St. Paul in 1910. By 1935, the population grew to more than 2,000 reindeer. Because of a lack of resources, the population dropped to eight reindeer by 1950.
Vegetation grows in response to a change in the environment, such as when a forest is cut down and species gradually return to the area, which may then become fully forested.
Food Production and the Environment - Chapter 12
  • Undernutrition vs. malnutrition vs. overnutrition and effects
  • Primary food sources for world’s population
  • High-input vs. low-input agriculture
  • Types of agriculture and pros/cons of each:
  • Traditional subsistence
  • Traditional intensive
  • Plantation
  • Industrialized
  • Types of interplanting and pros/cons of each:
  • Polyvarietal, Intercropping, Agroforestry, Polyculture
  • Environmental effects of industrialized agriculture
  • Pros/cons of GMOs, organic agriculture, Animal feedlots, Chemical pesticides
  • 1st Green revolution & 2nd Green revolution
  • Gene revolution (GMOs)
  • Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
  • Regenerative farming
  • What is it?, Examples of practices, Climate benefit
  • Soil
  • Identify and know the properties of different soil horizons
  • Identify and know the properties of soil components
  • Clay, Silt, Sand
  • Be able to use the Soil Texture Triangle
Industrialized meat production has harmful environmental consequences. These include all of the following EXCEPT
the use of large amounts of energy.
contributing to the eutrophication of the Gulf of Mexico.
contributing to global warming.
polluting the air, water, and soil with manure.
natural control of pests.
Which of the following techniques helps to limit soil erosion?
The use of off-road vehicles because they flatten and harden the soil beneath them
Cutting down all the trees in a specific area
The presence of large numbers of animals grazing too long in a grassy area, which hardens the soil they stand on
Growing only wheat, rice, and corn, which provide approximately half the calories people ingest
The creation of steep steps on a hillside, creating a series of flat areas on which to plant crops
Which best describes genetically modified crops (GMOs)?
Genes are spliced from one species into another species.
Planting a variety of crops in the same area such as native grass, grains and sunflowers.
Plants are not grown in soil, but istead their roots are in nutrient-filled water so they are protected from pests that would otherwise damage them.
Fishes are grown in underwater cages, protected from pest species.
Used mostly in tropical developing countries, crops such as bananas, coffee, and sugar cane are grown on large plantations and sold to developeed countries.
One way that farmers can help to reduce soil erosion is by using soil conservation methods. Which of the following is an example of a soil conservation method?
Frequent flood irrigation of agricultural land, whereby the water flows in ditches through the fields.
Native plants are plowed up to make room for crops, and after the crops are harvested, land is plowed and left bare until the next growing season.
One or two crops are plante dtogether in rows between trees or shrubs, which provide shade as well as fruit or nuts.
Cutting down trees to allow sunlight and rain to reach the soil.
Frequent irrigation so water accumulated under the ground and, when the water table rises, supplies constant water to the plant roots.
Which of the following would be a disadvantage to using pesticides?
Pesticides have a long shelf life, so farmers will not lose money if the pesticides are kept for a long time before being used.
The financial treadmill occurs, wherein pests become resistant to pesticides so farmers must use higher doses to kill the pests.
Selective pesticides kill specific organisms, such as acequinocyl, which kills mites.
Pesticides save lives by killing the vectors for diseases such a malaria, bubonic plague, and typhus.
By killing the pests that damage agricultural crops, pesticides help keep the price of food down.
Which is the best example of persistence?
First-generation pesticides, natural chemicals found in plants such as nicotine sulfate in tobacco leaves
Protecting the enemies of pests by providing havitats for them, such as creating areas where spiders are safe during varvesting so they will persist in eating the pests
The use of essential oils taken from common specis such as clove, mint, rosemary, and thyme
DDT, because it remained harmful in the environment for years
The use of genetic engineering to create pest-resistant crops so successive generations of those crops will also be pest resistant
The following practices are used to grow organic crops EXCEPT
spraying pesticides on the roots so that the part of the plant that is eaten is not contaminated.
planting crops before or after insect pests are there to cause damage.
providing habitat for insects or other small invertebrates that feed on pests.
bringing in natural enemies to the insect pests, such as releasing ladybugs or praying mantis insects.
keeping organic matter and nutrients in the soil as much as possible.
A method of using biological control to control pests is to
bring in natural enemies such as predators, parasites, and bacteria.
e
Chapter 13 Practice Questions
  1. A drought in the 1930s transformed large parts of the Midwest into a "Dustbowl." This is an example of
  2. what would happen if the giant toad or feral pigs are not controlled.
  3. the results of many inches of rain falling within a few hours.
  4. the conversion of rangeland or cropland into a desertlike area.
  5. evaporation of water from the ground and release of moisture from leaves.
  6. water flowing over the surface when it is unable to infiltrate the ground because of saturation of the soil or a steep slope.
  7. One way to conserve water in agriculture is to
  8. plant crops that have adapted to arid climates by sending down deep tap roots and storing water in times of drought.
  9. use a technique similar to the ancient Egyptians', whereby they relied on a river to regularly overflow its banks.
  10. plant crops in places with less sunlight so there are fewer hours during the day for evaporation to occur.
  11. channel gray water from homes and industry to agricultural areas.
  12. use a watering technique that focuses the water in the immediate area of plant roots.
The next four questions refer to the following terms. Indicate choice with the appropriate letter.
  1. Aquifer
  2. Surface water
  3. Confined aquifer
  4. Water table
  5. Transpiration
  6. The freshwater from precipitation and snowmelt B
  7. Evaporation from the leaves of plants into the atmosphere E
  8. Underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock through which groundwater flows A
  9. Upper surface of the zone of saturation D
  10. A forested hillside will help eliminate
  11. the need for research such as that done at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire.
  12. the use of pesticides, because the shade of the forest prevents insect pests from entering the area.
  13. droughts, because transpiration ensures that forest areas always have a high moisture level.
  14. flooding, because trees help reduce soil erosion and the flow of water downslope.
  15. unsustainable farming, because crops cannot be grown on forested slopes.
Use the graph to answer the next three questions.šŸ“·
  1. According to the graph, the flow of the Colorado River has
  2. dropped continually since 1910.
  3. gone up and down but continues to trend downward.
  4. stayed steady over the last 10 years.
  5. dropped steadily from 1935 until 1945.
  6. slowly increased in the last 10 years.
  7. What is a possible explanation about the flow of the Colorado from 1960 to 1980?
  8. There was no rainfall.
  9. Rainfall led to variation in flow.
  10. All rainfall was filling up Glen Canyon.
  11. There was a drought.
  12. Windstorms deposited large amounts of sediment in the reservoir.
  13. Which of the following best explains the general downward trend in Colorado River flow from 1910 until 1970?
  14. More water is being removed from the Colorado River before it reaches any of the dams.
  15. A series of heavy winter snowstorms have changed the water level of the Colorado River.
  16. Residents are using more water-saving devices in their homes.
  17. The dams on the Colorado River divert water to cities and for agriculture.
  18. The underground aquifer is being depleted as more farmers use its water for agricultural irrigation.
What might be one possible reason for the greater fluctuations in the blue crab population?
Increased sediment flow has disrupted striped bass migratory patterns causing a decline in their numbers.
Eutrophic dead zones in the Chesapeake Bay causing low dissolved oxygen levels have caused a decline in crab numbers.
Blue crabs have a much shorter life span (2 years) than striped bass and naturally have more variability in their population numbers.
Global warming patterns have caused an increase in the Chesapeake Bay temperatures causing increased crab spawning rates.
Blue crabs are more highly influenced by rainfall patterns than striped bass.
A greenhouse gas produced by raising cattle.
A
B
C
D
E
Can be stored in marine sediments for long periods of time.
A
B
C
D
E
A greenhouse gas emitted into the atmosphere through transpiration or evaporation.
A
B
C
D
E
A limiting factor for most plant growth in lakes and terrestrial systems.
A
B
C
D
E
A current responsible for moving heat away from the equator.
A
B
C
D
E
The reversal of this current is associated with ENSO events.
A
B
C
D
E
Cape Cod juts out from the Eastern coast of North America. This current keeps the waters off Cape Cod very cool.
A
B
C
D
E
This current causes offshore upwellings of nutrient rich water that is responsible for plankton rich waters sustaining a large anchovy fishery.
A
B
C
D
E
This biome is characterized by subfreezing temperaĀ­tures much of the year, low precipitation rates, and the formation of permafrost.
A
B
C
D
E
This biome found in equatorial regions has large amounts of precipitation but has low levels of nutrients in the soil.
A
B
C
D
E
This biome often has snow, yet the average monthly temperature is always greater than the freezing point. Trees in this biome lose their leaves every fall, producĀ­ing colorful displays.
A
B
C
D
E
Causes large areas of little to no oxygen in the ChesaĀ­peake Bay and the Gulf of Mexico.
A
B
C
D
E
Causes large areas of beach loss or erosion or migration of beaches to new locations.
A
B
C
D
E
Caused by boats improperly anchoring.
A
B
C
D
E
Causes ocean warming and pH reduction, leading to coral bleaching.
A
B
C
D
E
Which part of the diagram depicts the resource use that would be in competition if a new species moves into an area and is in direct competition with another species?
A
B
C
D
E
The niche of the black bear which is an omnivore would be best represented as which letter?
A
B
C
D
E
The area under the curve depicted by letter B would be best described as
the productivity of a producer such as grass.
the productivity of a tropical rainforest.
the niche of a specialist like the panda bear that eats only bamboo.
the competition between a producer and a consumer.
how far the niche of two species of animals are separated from each other.
As pollution levels in streams rise, many aquatic insects such as the mayfly quickly disappear. For this reason, many aquatic insects are studied intensively.
A
B
C
D
E
The beaver transforms its environment from streams to ponds and swamps, allowing a diverse collection of organisms to thrive that would not normally be able to survive.
A
B
C
D
E
Kelp (a brown algae) forms large beds, creating a habiĀ­tat for many fishes and shellfishes.
A
B
C
D
E
The Chitymomma is an Agave that regionally helps or is used to define the Chihuahuan Desert of Northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States.
A
B
C
D
E
Three species of grasses compete for sunlight in a grassy lawn.
A
B
C
D
E
A species of ant living in the thorns of the Acacia tree protects the tree from herbivores and feed off of lipid rich food-bodies on the tree.
A
B
C
D
E
Barnacles adhering to the skin of a whale. The barnacle benefits by being transported to new sources of food and the presence of barnacles does not appear to hamper or enhance the survival of the animals carrying them.
A
B
C
D
E
Chipmunks, squirrels, and other animals eat the pine nuts that pine trees produce.
A
B
C
D
E
A species of pseudoscorpion disperses by concealing itself under the wings of large beetles. The pseudoscorpions gain the advantage of being dispersed over wide
areas while being protected from predators. The beetle is unaffected by the presence of the hitchhikers.
A
B
C
D
E