AP Biology Benchmark #8 Cellular Respiration

Last updated 3 months ago

17 questions

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AP Biology Benchmark #8 Cellular Respiration

Last updated 3 months ago

17 questions

Select the best answer.

1

2

1

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Cellular respiration includes the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, as represented in the figures. In cellular respiration, carbohydrates and other metabolites are oxidized, and the resulting energy-transfer reactions support the synthesis of ATP.

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Researchers hypothesize that the plant compound resveratrol improves mitochondrial function.  To test this hypothesis, researchers dissolve resveratrol in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).  The solution readily passes through cell membranes.  They add the resveratrol solution to mammalian muscle cells growing in a nutrient-rich solution (culture medium) that contains glucose.  They measure ATP production at several time points after the addition of the resveratrol solution and find an increase in ATP production by the muscle cells.

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Select the best answer.

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

Select the best explanation for why the eventual reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 is crucial for the continuation of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle.

The oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen involves glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). Some energy is captured in glycolysis when glucose is converted to pyruvate (pyruvic acid). In the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), more energy is captured in the form of reduced electron carriers, NADH and FADH2.

In order for the cycle to continue, oxidized electron carriers must be available.

The presence of reduced forms of the electron carriers prevents the formation of ATP.

Without oxidized electron carriers, oxygen will not accept the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Phosphate cannot attach to ADP to form ATP without oxidized electron carriers.

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it

an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+

an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol, and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?

Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis.

There is no CO2 or water produced as products of glycolysis.

Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis.

Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of a metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration?

The function of the citric acid cycle is the transfer of electrons from pyruvate to NADH to O2.

The function of the bonding of acetic acid to the carrier molecule CoA to form acetyl CoA is the reduction of glucose to acetyl CoA.

The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net yield of two ATP.

Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation.

The basic function of fermentation is the production of additional ATP by further oxidation of the products of glycolysis.

The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis.

The basic function of fermentation is the production of ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Which of the following statements best describes the primary role played by oxygen in cellular respiration?

It serves as an acceptor for carbon, forming CO2 in the citric acid cycle.

It yields energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the electron transport chain.

It oxidizes glucose to form two molecules of pyruvate.

It serves as the final acceptor for electrons from the electron transport chain.

Cellular respiration includes the metabolic pathways of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain, as represented in the figures. In cellular respiration, carbohydrates and other metabolites are oxidized, and the resulting energy-transfer reactions support the synthesis of ATP.

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Using the information above, describe ONE contribution of each of the following in ATP synthesis.
Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle
Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain

3

Use each of the following observations to justify the claim that glycolysis first occurred in a common ancestor of all living organisms.
Nearly all existing organisms perform glycolysis.
Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis occurs only in the cytosol.

3

A researcher estimates that, in a certain organism, the complete metabolism of glucose produces 30 molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose. The energy released from the total oxidation of glucose under standard conditions is 686 kcal/mol. The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate under standard conditions is 7.3 kcal/mol. Calculate the amount of energy available from the hydrolysis of 30 moles of ATP. Calculate the efficiency of total ATP production from 1 mole of glucose in the organism. Describe what happens to the excess energy that is released from the metabolism of glucose.

1

The enzymes of the Krebs cycle function in the cytosol of bacteria, but among eukaryotes the enzymes function mostly in the mitochondria. Pose a scientific question that connects the location of the enzymes in the Krebs cycle to the evolution of eukaryotes.

Researchers hypothesize that the plant compound resveratrol improves mitochondrial function.  To test this hypothesis, researchers dissolve resveratrol in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).  The solution readily passes through cell membranes.  They add the resveratrol solution to mammalian muscle cells growing in a nutrient-rich solution (culture medium) that contains glucose.  They measure ATP production at several time points after the addition of the resveratrol solution and find an increase in ATP production by the muscle cells.

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Describe the primary advantage for a mammalian muscle cell in using aerobic respiration over fermentation.

1

Identify an appropriate negative control for this experiment that would allow the researchers to conclude that ATP is produced in response to the resveratrol treatment.

1

Predict the effect on short-term ATP production when resveratrol-treated mammalian muscle cells are grown in a culture medium that lacks glucose or other sugars.

1

The researchers find that resveratrol stimulates the production of components of the electron transport chain. The reserachers claim that treatment with resveratrol will also increase oxygen consumption by the cells if glucose is not limiting. Justify the claim.

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate

glycolysis

the citric acid cycle

the electron transport chain

reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Select the best explanation for why the eventual reoxidation of NADH and FADH2 is crucial for the continuation of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle.

The oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen involves glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle). Some energy is captured in glycolysis when glucose is converted to pyruvate (pyruvic acid). In the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), more energy is captured in the form of reduced electron carriers, NADH and FADH2.

In order for the cycle to continue, oxidized electron carriers must be available.

The presence of reduced forms of the electron carriers prevents the formation of ATP.

Without oxidized electron carriers, oxygen will not accept the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Phosphate cannot attach to ADP to form ATP without oxidized electron carriers.

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it

an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+

an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol, and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?

Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis.

There is no CO2 or water produced as products of glycolysis.

Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis.

Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of a metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration?

The function of the citric acid cycle is the transfer of electrons from pyruvate to NADH to O2.

The function of the bonding of acetic acid to the carrier molecule CoA to form acetyl CoA is the reduction of glucose to acetyl CoA.

The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net yield of two ATP.

Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation.

The basic function of fermentation is the production of additional ATP by further oxidation of the products of glycolysis.

The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis.

The basic function of fermentation is the production of ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Which of the following statements best describes the primary role played by oxygen in cellular respiration?

It serves as an acceptor for carbon, forming CO2 in the citric acid cycle.

It yields energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the electron transport chain.

It oxidizes glucose to form two molecules of pyruvate.

It serves as the final acceptor for electrons from the electron transport chain.

Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle?

1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

6 ATP, 6 CO2, 3 NADH, and 12 FADH2

3 ATP, 3 CO2, 3 NADH, and 3 FADH2

3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2

If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid in the citric acid cycle shown in the accompanying figure?

Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citric acid will decrease.

Oxaloacetate will decrease and citric acid will accumulate.

Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will accumulate.

Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will decrease.

Using the information above, describe ONE contribution of each of the following in ATP synthesis.
Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle
Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain

Use each of the following observations to justify the claim that glycolysis first occurred in a common ancestor of all living organisms.
Nearly all existing organisms perform glycolysis.
Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis occurs only in the cytosol.

A researcher estimates that, in a certain organism, the complete metabolism of glucose produces 30 molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose. The energy released from the total oxidation of glucose under standard conditions is 686 kcal/mol. The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate under standard conditions is 7.3 kcal/mol. Calculate the amount of energy available from the hydrolysis of 30 moles of ATP. Calculate the efficiency of total ATP production from 1 mole of glucose in the organism. Describe what happens to the excess energy that is released from the metabolism of glucose.

The enzymes of the Krebs cycle function in the cytosol of bacteria, but among eukaryotes the enzymes function mostly in the mitochondria. Pose a scientific question that connects the location of the enzymes in the Krebs cycle to the evolution of eukaryotes.

Describe the primary advantage for a mammalian muscle cell in using aerobic respiration over fermentation.

Identify an appropriate negative control for this experiment that would allow the researchers to conclude that ATP is produced in response to the resveratrol treatment.

Predict the effect on short-term ATP production when resveratrol-treated mammalian muscle cells are grown in a culture medium that lacks glucose or other sugars.

The researchers find that resveratrol stimulates the production of components of the electron transport chain. The reserachers claim that treatment with resveratrol will also increase oxygen consumption by the cells if glucose is not limiting. Justify the claim.

Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle?

1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

6 ATP, 6 CO2, 3 NADH, and 12 FADH2

3 ATP, 3 CO2, 3 NADH, and 3 FADH2

3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2

If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid in the citric acid cycle shown in the accompanying figure?

Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citric acid will decrease.

Oxaloacetate will decrease and citric acid will accumulate.

Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will accumulate.

Both oxaloacetate and citric acid will decrease.

AP Biology Benchmark #8 Cellular Respiration

AP Biology Benchmark #8 Cellular Respiration

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol, and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of a metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration?

Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation.

Which of the following statements best describes the primary role played by oxygen in cellular respiration?

Using the information above, describe ONE contribution of each of the following in ATP synthesis.Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidationOxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycleFormation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain

Use each of the following observations to justify the claim that glycolysis first occurred in a common ancestor of all living organisms.Nearly all existing organisms perform glycolysis.Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions.Glycolysis occurs only in the cytosol.

The enzymes of the Krebs cycle function in the cytosol of bacteria, but among eukaryotes the enzymes function mostly in the mitochondria. Pose a scientific question that connects the location of the enzymes in the Krebs cycle to the evolution of eukaryotes.

Describe the primary advantage for a mammalian muscle cell in using aerobic respiration over fermentation.

Identify an appropriate negative control for this experiment that would allow the researchers to conclude that ATP is produced in response to the resveratrol treatment.

Predict the effect on short-term ATP production when resveratrol-treated mammalian muscle cells are grown in a culture medium that lacks glucose or other sugars.

The researchers find that resveratrol stimulates the production of components of the electron transport chain. The reserachers claim that treatment with resveratrol will also increase oxygen consumption by the cells if glucose is not limiting. Justify the claim.

Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle?

If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citric acid in the citric acid cycle shown in the accompanying figure?

Using the information above, describe ONE contribution of each of the following in ATP synthesis.Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidationOxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycleFormation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain

Use each of the following observations to justify the claim that glycolysis first occurred in a common ancestor of all living organisms.Nearly all existing organisms perform glycolysis.Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions.Glycolysis occurs only in the cytosol.

The enzymes of the Krebs cycle function in the cytosol of bacteria, but among eukaryotes the enzymes function mostly in the mitochondria. Pose a scientific question that connects the location of the enzymes in the Krebs cycle to the evolution of eukaryotes.

Describe the primary advantage for a mammalian muscle cell in using aerobic respiration over fermentation.

Identify an appropriate negative control for this experiment that would allow the researchers to conclude that ATP is produced in response to the resveratrol treatment.

Predict the effect on short-term ATP production when resveratrol-treated mammalian muscle cells are grown in a culture medium that lacks glucose or other sugars.

The researchers find that resveratrol stimulates the production of components of the electron transport chain. The reserachers claim that treatment with resveratrol will also increase oxygen consumption by the cells if glucose is not limiting. Justify the claim.

Using the information above, describe ONE contribution of each of the following in ATP synthesis.
Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle
Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain

Use each of the following observations to justify the claim that glycolysis first occurred in a common ancestor of all living organisms.
Nearly all existing organisms perform glycolysis.
Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis occurs only in the cytosol.

Using the information above, describe ONE contribution of each of the following in ATP synthesis.
Catabolism of glucose in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation
Oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle
Formation of a proton gradient by the electron transport chain

Use each of the following observations to justify the claim that glycolysis first occurred in a common ancestor of all living organisms.
Nearly all existing organisms perform glycolysis.
Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions.
Glycolysis occurs only in the cytosol.