2022-23_P1_HBio_S1Final

A group of students conducted a science fair experiment to find out how the amount of fertilizer used will affect the growth of radish plants. The experiment was done using amounts of fertilizer lower and higher than the manufacturer’s recommendation of 100%. One group was given water only, with no added fertilizer. The plants were allowed to grow for 10 days under a grow light that provided a consistent amount of light per day.

Which inference is supported by the data?

Select the sentence in the passage that illustrates the step of the scientific inquiry process that involves submitting papers for peer review and responding to feedback.

In 1989, two scientists claimed to have succeeded in causing a nuclear fusion reaction to take place at room temperature. Their report was met with tremendous excitement because if cold fusion, as it was called, was possible, it would revolutionize power generation and make the dangerous nuclear waste that resulted from fission reactions a thing of the past. After they published their paper, other scientists attempted to recreate their experiment, which involved running an electric current through seawater and a metal called palladium. However, they could not replicate the results. After the published paper was examined closely, the scientists were found to have made experimental errors. Which of the following statements best applies to this scenario?

A research facility has tasked you with the design and implementation of an automatic feeder system that will provide pre-measured amounts of food to hundreds of lab mice at specified times of the day. This feeder system will then remove any uneaten food after 30 minutes have passed. Order each of the steps below so they align with the steps of the engineering design process.

1. Define the problem that needs to be addressed
2. Research how other facilities have set up their feeder systems.
3. Design and test a prototype
4. Revise prototype and finalize design

Isotopes have many scientific uses. Radioactive tracer elements are used to follow the movements of substances within organisms. 131I, a radioactive isotope of iodine, can be used to image the thyroid gland. Isotopes of carbon and phosphorus are used to estimate the ages of fossils, rocks, and artifacts.

To illustrate a different isotope of this carbon atom, you would change the number of which type of subatomic particle shown?

Complex organisms like humans carry out thousands of chemical reactions. Some reactions break down molecules, while others assemble smaller atoms and molecules into larger ones. Many of these reactions take place with the aid of special proteins called enzymes.

You are assigned the task of determining the optimal pH for an enzyme found within the human digestive system. This enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of proteins. The diagram below illustrates this reaction. Select the enzyme.

As shown in the diagram, solar radiation strikes the Earth at different angles, resulting in certain areas experiencing much more solar energy per unit area per year. The differences in heat distribution create three climate zones: tropical, temperate, and polar. Select the climate zone where you would expect to find a biome that is warm and wet year-round, has animals that are active all year, and has extensive plant growth.

Select the sentence that explains why the greenhouse effect is an important process for maintaining life on Earth.

Ocean waters have a varying carrying capacity for phytoplankton and other organisms that perform photosynthesis. The carrying capacity is very high near the surface, and then decreases with depth. It is zero in the deepest ocean waters. Which statement about the water is most useful for explaining this variation?

In the photic zone of the ocean, food webs are based on photosynthetic producers. Along the deep ocean floor, however, very little light is present, making photosynthesis impractical. At these dark depths in volcanically active areas, hydrothermal vents form, releasing hot, mineral- and chemical-rich solutions from the ocean floor. In these areas, unique food webs have developed based on microbes that use chemosynthetic processes to construct sugars and other complex biomolecules. What differentiates photosynthetic primary producers from chemosynthetic primary producers?

Water cycles among the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere. The illustration shows the main processes involved in the water cycle. Which arrow or section of an arrow describes the process of transpiration?

Ecologists use an energy pyramid to model the trophic levels of an ecosystem. Classify the statements according to whether or not they describe energy pyramids.

Energy pyramids, such as the one shown in this diagram, give an estimate of the amount of energy available at each trophic level. Given this model, which of these is an accurate description of the relative biomass of organisms at each trophic level in a given ecosystem?

According to the model, respiration moves carbon from the _________________.

Carla is studying the relationships among the organisms in a local nature preserve. Carla has made a drawing showing how the organisms in the nature preserve interact. To represent land plants, she has drawn a tuft of grass in her diagram. To represent water plants, she has drawn a type of algae. The organisms are not drawn to scale. Like many food webs, Carla's food web does not show decomposers. How would the ecosystem be altered without the actions of decomposers?

One impact of climate change has been the loss of ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, resulting in a rise in global sea levels. Which of these describes a potential way this could directly influence human activity?

A developer proposes to build new houses and roads on land that is now part of Mairead Forest, which is a tract of 120 acres that the county has designated as conservation land. The developer points out that his proposal would keep the size of forested land at 120 acres. However, much of the forest would be divided into small pieces separated by highways, houses, and lawns. How would the proposed development most likely affect the biodiversity of Mairead Forest?

Border officials may inspect the baggage of anyone who enters the United States from another country. The officials are trained to identify and confiscate certain plants and animals that are banned from the country. Which is the most likely way that the bans help protect biodiversity in ecosystems of the United States?

The last ice age ended about 10,000 years ago, and the glaciers retreated, leaving behind bare gravel, rocks, and sand. Huge chunks of ice were also left where the glaciers had been for many thousands of years. These chunks of ice melted, creating small lakes and ponds.

Which statement best describes one of the changes that the area experienced after the ice age ended?

Each year after harvest, a farm is cleared to prepare for the next year’s crop. One year, the farm is abandoned, and new crops are not planted. The illustration shows what happened to the farm after it was abandoned.

Which of the following statements best describes the succession that occurred on the farmland?

This graph shows the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide as measured at the observatory in Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

If the ocean did not absorb carbon, as shown in the diagram, how would this impact the data shown?

Coral reefs located near seagrass beds can be less affected by these changes, as the sea grasses have the ability to absorb dissolved carbon dioxide.

This interaction is an example of:

The diagram illustrates the structure of a plant cell. Where are proteins synthesized in the cell? Select the correct structure.

A typical plant cell and a typical animal cell have some components in common and some components that are unique to each cell type. Sort the components according to whether they typically are found in a plant cell, animal cell, or both types of cells.

Marianne hypothesizes that aquatic freshwater plants would quickly perish if placed in salty ocean water, as their cells lack a feedback mechanism to monitor water concentrations. If her hypothesis is correct, how would the cells of the freshwater plant respond to being placed in the hypertonic ocean water? Select the image that illustrates what change would occur within the plant cells.

Photosynthesis can be modeled by its overall chemical reaction. Classify the substances as reactants or products of the overall chemical reaction, or as neither reactants nor products.

The diagram provides a model of the process of photosynthesis. As shown by the right half of the diagram, carbon dioxide (CO2) is used to generate sugars.

What is the role of light, if any, in this process?

Bree is using the following word equation to model a cellular process. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy Which process, if any, could Bree be modeling accurately? (Note: The forward arrow indicates that the reaction proceeds in the forward direction only.)

The diagram models a process as it occurs in an animal cell and a plant cell.

What has occurred in both cells immediately before this process?

A botanist is measuring the proportion of cells in each of the stages of the cell cycle in different areas of a plant. DNA staining and radioactive marking techniques are used to accurately classify each cell into the correct phase for analysis. In order to classify the cells, the botanist needs to know what is happening in the cell during each phase.

Match each phase with its description.

As the botanist examines different slides of root tissue, he is surprised to discover an area with an overgrowth of cells that are larger in size than those in surrounding tissues. He suspects something is disrupting the normal cell division regulation of the cells.

What stages of the cell cycle proceed without regard to normal growth regulation factors in these cells?

How does apoptosis relate to cancer cells?