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2021 (June): NY Regents - Earth Science

Last updated 3 months ago

85 questions

Instructions

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From the New York State Education Department. The University of the State of New York Regents High School Examination Physical Setting Earth Science v202. Internet. Available from https://www.nysedregents.org/EarthScience/621/esci-v202-exam.pdf; accessed 3, May, 2023.

Question 1

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Question 2

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Question 3

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Question 4

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Question 5

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Question 6

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Question 7

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Question 8

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Question 9

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The photographs below show two celestial objects just before, during, and just after a total solar eclipse as viewed by an observer located in Kingston, Tennessee, on August 21, 2017.

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Question 11

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Question 12

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Question 13

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Question 14

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Question 15

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Question 16

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Question 17

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Question 18

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Question 19

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Question 20

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Question 21

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Question 22

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Question 23

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Question 24

24.

The graph below shows the rate of decay of a radioactive isotope through two half-lives. Each box shows the ratio of atoms of the radioactive isotope to atoms of the disintegration product. The box at two half-lives has been left blank.

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Question 26

26.

Question 27

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Question 28

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Question 29

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Question 30

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Question 31

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Question 32

32.

The block diagram below shows a portion of a deeply eroded dome landscape.

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Question 34

34.

Question 35

35.

Directions (36–50): For each statement or question, choose the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science. Record your answers on your separate answer sheet.

Base your answers to questions 36 and 37 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the elliptical orbit for one planet in our solar system. The two foci of the orbit are shown as the Sun and F2.

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Base your answers to questions 38 and 39 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents a simplified model of the incoming (solar) and outgoing (terrestrial) electromagnetic radiation of Earth’s energy budget.

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Base your answers to questions 40 and 41 on the passage and map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows a portion of Southeast Asia.

Southeast Asia Monsoons
The Southeast Asia monsoons are seasonal shifts in the direction of regional planetary winds. These shifts are related to the movement of air pressure belts as the Sun’s vertical ray changes latitude. In the late spring, winds begin to blow from the southwest, bringing moisture from the Gulf of Thailand across Southeast Asia. Rainfall reaches a peak in July and August. This moisture is partially blocked by the Annamite Mountains, located along the border between Vietnam and Laos. Therefore, the rainfall in central Vietnam is somewhat less during these months. In September, the winds reverse direction and begin to flow from the northeast across the Gulf of Tonkin and South China Sea. This wind shift begins the season of heavy rainfall in central Vietnam that continues for months.

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Base your answers to questions 42 and 43 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents one position of Earth in its orbit around the Sun and 12 constellations that can be seen in the night sky by an observer in New York State at different times of the year. The approximate locations of the constellations in relation to Earth’s orbit are shown. Point A represents another position in Earth’s orbit.

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Base your answers to questions 48 through 50 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents an erosional-depositional system in an arid environment, and indicates the processes occurring at various locations within the atmosphere and on the land surface. The box labeled X identifies one sand dune. Arrows represent the movement of particles.

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Directions (51–65): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science.

Base your answers to questions 51 through 53 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science.

Waimea Canyon
Waimea Canyon is located on the west side of the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Waimea Canyon has been referred to as the “Grand Canyon of the Pacific.” But unlike the Grand Canyon, which was carved through horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks, Waimea Canyon was cut through basalt. The formation of this igneous rock began about 4 million years ago. Numerous lava flows followed as magma rose from deep within Earth. The canyon then was formed over time by erosional agents, causing deep, V-shaped valleys that exposed the basalt layers along the canyon walls. 
Over time, the composition of the basalt, where it was exposed at the surface, was changed due to oxidation (rusting) of iron-bearing minerals, such as pyroxene and olivine. The result is a canyon with red rocks and soils.

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Base your answers to questions 54 through 56 on the map within the question, on the table below, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows a portion of the Nazca Plate under the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Plate A represents another tectonic plate. The table shows some data for islands and seamounts (undersea volcanoes that do not rise above the ocean surface) that originally formed at the Easter Island Hot Spot.

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Base your answers to questions 57 and 58 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the water cycle. Letters A through C identify water cycle processes. Arrows represent movement of water or water vapor. The level of the water table is indicated.

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Base your answers to questions 63 through 65 on the calendar below, on the diagram in your answer booklet, and on your knowledge of Earth science. The calendar shows the phases of the Moon for January 2019 as viewed by an observer in New York State. Some phases have been labeled. The diagram on your answer sheet represents eight positions of the Moon in its orbit around Earth.

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Directions (66–85): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science.

Base your answers to questions 66 through 69 on the topographic map in the Show Your Work space and on your knowledge of Earth science. Partially drawn contour lines are shown on the southern portion of the map. Points of elevation are recorded in meters. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on Earth’s surface. Line AB and dashed line CD are reference lines.

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Base your answers to questions 73 through 75 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the inferred sequence in which our solar system formed from a nebula of gas and dust. Letters A through F represent different stages in its development.

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Base your answers to questions 76 and 77 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the four time zones across the continental United States. Eight cities are labeled on the map.

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Base your answers to questions 78 through 80 on the graphs below and on your knowledge of Earth science. 

The climate graphs represent data for three different locations in North America. Line graphs show the average monthly air temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Bar graphs show the average monthly precipitation in inches (in). A circled dot (\odot) indicates each location on the maps.

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Base your answers to questions 81 and 82 on the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows a river and a depositional feature at an ocean shoreline. Point A indicates a location on Earth’s surface.

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The graph below shows changing ocean tide heights in feet (ft) on April 7 for a coastal location.

The next high tide will occur on April 8 at approximately

10 a.m.

10 p.m.

3 a.m.

3 p.m.

Scientists who proposed the Big Bang Theory were attempting to explain

the origin of the universe

why stars have different luminosities

the formation of our solar system

how Earth’s atmosphere evolved

Which star type has a surface temperature of 4000 K and a luminosity 1000 times greater than the Sun?

dwarf

main sequence

giant

supergiant

The red shift in light from stars located in very distant galaxies suggests that these stars are

decreasing in temperature

increasing in temperature

moving toward the Milky Way

moving away from the Milky Way

A Foucault pendulum provides evidence that Earth

orbits the Sun

has a nearly spherical shape

is tilted on an axis

spins on an axis

How many days during one year is the Sun directly overhead at noon in New York City?

one

two

three

zero

Approximately which percentage of Earth’s surface is exposed above water?

30%

50%

70%

90%

On June 21, an observer in New York State will see the Sun set

north of due east

north of due west

south of due east

south of due west

Compared to a well-sorted sample of larger-sized particles, a well-sorted sample of smaller-sized particles has greater

capillarity

transpiration

permeability

porosity

Question 10

10.

The diagram below represents Earth in four positions, labeled A, B, C, and D, in its orbit around the Sun on the first day of each season.

Between which two consecutive positions is the summer season occurring in the Northern Hemisphere?

A and B

B and C

C and D

D and A

Which atmospheric conditions occur when the dry-bulb temperature is 30°C and the difference between the dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature is 1°C?

warm and humid

warm and dry

cool and humid

cool and dry

Which precaution is most appropriate during a blizzard?

Take shelter in a basement

Avoid unnecessary travel.

Evacuate to higher ground.

Stay away from tall metal objects.

The graph below shows the relationship between the distance that wind blows over a body of water and the height of the waves that are generated.

A west wind blowing with the same velocity would generate the highest waves along the shoreline at

Jamestown

Oswego

Plattsburgh

Riverhead

The weather map below shows a storm centered north of Iceland. Points A, B, C, and D indicate locations on Earth’s surface. Isobars are labeled in millibars.

Which location was probably experiencing the highest wind speed?

A

B

C

D

The map below shows a cold, arctic air mass that moved southeast from Canada to cover most of the eastern half of the United States during January 2010.

Which shift caused this flow of cold air out of Canada?

the northward shift of the global temperature zones

the northward shift of the Sun’s vertical rays

a southward shift of the polar front jet stream

a southward shift of the subtropical jet stream

Which surface ocean current cools the climate of the western coastline of South America?

Brazil Current

Peru Current

Falkland Current

California Current

When equal masses of ice and liquid water receive the same amount of energy, without a change in state, the ice changes temperature faster than the liquid water does because the

specific heat of ice is less than the specific heat of liquid water

specific heat of ice is greater than the specific heat of liquid water

density of ice is less than the density of liquid water

density of ice is greater than the density of liquid water

El Niño is a condition associated with a buildup of unusually warm water along the western coast of South America. Which changes in air temperature and precipitation usually occur in that region during El Niño?

lower air temperature and less precipitation

lower air temperature and more precipitation

higher air temperature and less precipitation

higher air temperature and more precipitation

Which conclusion can be drawn from the pattern of fossils found in Earth’s rock record?

Humans have existed for a longer period of time than dinosaurs.

Complex land organisms have been replaced by simpler marine forms.

Many species have existed in the past, and most have become extinct.

Few life forms existed before the late Cretaceous period.

The geologic cross section below represents a portion of Earth’s crust. The rock layers have not been overturned.

The inclusions were most likely broken off from their original rock layers

at the same time as the intrusion of magma

at the same time as the crystallization of magma

before the formation of sandstone

before the formation of limestone

While studying sediments deposited during and after the last ice age, scientists discovered that foraminiferid shells coil in different directions when they grow under different temperature conditions, as shown in the diagram below.

Foraminiferid shells found in layer X most likely coiled to the

right, because water temperatures were cool

right, because water temperatures were warm

left, because water temperatures were cool

left, because water temperatures were warm

Approximately how many million years ago (mya) was the amount of Earth’s total landmass located south of the equator the greatest?

119 mya

232 mya

359 mya

458 mya

Which layer of Earth’s interior is inferred to be composed of solid iron and nickel?

asthenosphere

stiffer mantle

outer core

inner core

Question 25

25.

The first S-wave reaches a seismic station 22 minutes after an earthquake occurred. How long did it take the first P-wave to reach the same seismic station?

8 minutes 50 seconds

10 minutes 00 seconds

12 minutes 00 seconds

12 minutes 50 seconds

The block diagram below represents the formation of an island arc near a plate boundary.

An island arc is located near the boundary between which two tectonic plates?

Antarctic Plate and Indian–Australian Plate

Philippine Plate and Eurasian Plate

African Plate and North American Plate

Scotia Plate and South American Plate

Which table correctly matches the average density and composition of continental and oceanic crusts?

The photograph below shows a portion of the San Andreas Fault in the western United States.

The San Andreas Fault is an example of a

transform plate boundary

divergent plate boundary

convergent plate boundary

complex plate boundary

What is the minimum stream velocity necessary to transport a quartz particle that is 0.1 centimeter in diameter in a stream?

0.05 cm/s

0.5 cm/s

5.0 cm/s

50.0 cm/s

Scoria is a type of rock that forms most directly from the process of

solidification

cementation

erosion

metamorphism

The element silicon (Si) is used in the production of cell phones. Which mineral could be a possible source of this silicon?

calcite

galena

halite

quartz

Question 33

33.

Which two New York State locations have surface bedrock of similar ages?

Mt. Marcy and Slide Mt.

Buffalo and Rochester

Old Forge and Niagara Falls

Watertown and Albany

The aerial photograph below shows small, circular bodies of water surrounded by sediment in an area that was once covered by glaciers.

These bodies of water are known as

finger lakes

kettle lakes

tributaries

watersheds

Question 36

36.

Question 37

37.

Question 38

38.

Question 39

39.

Question 40

40.

Question 41

41.

Question 42

42.

Question 43

43.

Base your answers to questions 44 through 47 on the cross sections below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross sections represent three widely spaced rock outcrops labeled A, B, and C. Line XY represents a fault. Overturning has not occurred.

Question 44

44.

Question 45

45.

Question 46

46.

Question 47

47.

Question 48

48.

Question 49

49.

Question 50

50.

Question 51

51.

Identify the epoch during which the first basalt lava flows occurred on Kauai.

_______ Epoch

Question 52

52.

Identify the dominant agent of erosion that carved Waimea Canyon.

Question 53

53.

In addition to pyroxene and olivine, identify the name of one other mineral commonly found in basalt that could oxidize to produce red soils.

Question 54

54.

On the map in the Show Your Work space, plot with Xs the locations of the six islands and seamounts formed by the Easter Island Hot Spot.

Question 55

55.

Identify the name of tectonic plate A:

_______  Plate

Question 56

56.

Describe the general relationship between the distance from the East Pacific Ridge and the age of the oceanic bedrock of the islands and seamounts.

Question 57

57.

Water vapor forms a cloud of liquid droplets at location A. State the number of joules per gram of heat energy that is released into the atmosphere during this process.

_______ J/g

Question 58

58.

Identify the names of the two different processes, represented by letters B and C, that return moisture to the atmosphere.

B: _______ 
C: _______ 

Base your answers to questions 59 through 62 on the weather map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows the location of a low-pressure system over New York State during late summer. Isobar values are recorded in millibars. Shading indicates regions receiving precipitation. The air masses are labeled. Eight locations in New York State are indicated.

Question 59

59.

Identify the location labeled on the map that will next experience a short burst of heavy precipitation, a change in wind direction, and a rapid decrease in temperature.

Question 60

60.

Convert the air pressure at Plattsburgh, New York, from millibars to inches of mercury.

_______ in of Hg

Question 61

61.

The table below lists the weather conditions at Old Forge, New York.

On the station model in the Show Your Work space, record all four weather conditions for Old Forge using the proper format.

Question 62

62.

Identify the weather instrument used to measure air pressure.

Question 63

63.

In the Show Your Work space, circle the position of the Moon in its orbit that produced the moon phase observed on January 17, 2019.

Question 64

64.

On the diagram in the Show Your Work space, place an X on each of the two positions of the Moon in its orbit where neap tides (the smallest difference in the water levels between high tide and low tide) occur.

Question 65

65.

A New Moon occurred on January 5, 2019. Determine the date of the New Moon that occurred in February 2019.

February _______ , 2019

Question 66

66.

On the topographic map in the Show Your Work space, complete the 480-meter, 500-meter, and 520-meter contour lines on the southern portion of the map.

Partially drawn contour lines are shown on the southern portion of the map. Points of elevation are recorded in meters. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on Earth’s surface. Line AB and dashed line CD are reference lines.

Question 67

67.

On the grid in the Show Your Work space, construct a topographic profile along line AB by plotting the elevation of each contour line that crosses line AB. The elevations of points A and B have been plotted on the grid. Connect all nine plots with a line from A to B to complete the profile.

Partially drawn contour lines are shown on the southern portion of the map. Points of elevation are recorded in meters. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations on the Earth's surface. Line ABand dashed line CD are reference lines.

Question 68

68.

Calculate the gradient, in meters per kilometer, from point C to point D.

_______ m/km

Question 69

69.

Describe the evidence shown by the contour lines that indicates that Bry Creek flows downhill in a southwesterly direction.

Base your answers to questions 70 through 72 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth science.

Carrara Marble
Carrara marble is named for the town of Carrara on the west coast of Italy. This dazzling white marble has been mined since the time of the ancient Romans and remains the major industry of the area today. The marble has many commercial uses, such as tombstones, countertops, tiles, and building stones. Its chemical purity, uniform color, and hardness make this marble an ideal material for artists who carve statues from rock. Major museums around the world have statues carved from Carrara marble.
The formation of Carrara marble began 200 million years ago when a great thickness of tiny shells was deposited at the bottom of a warm, shallow sea. Over time, burial and compaction of these sediments formed sedimentary rock primarily composed of pure calcite. Approximately 27 million years ago, tectonic forces caused this area of the seafloor bedrock to be deformed and metamorphosed, forming the Carrara marble. Uplift and erosion later exposed huge formations of this famous marble.

Question 70

70.

Identify the most likely sedimentary rock that formed when the sediments of tiny shells were buried and compacted.

Question 71

71.

Identify the change in pressure and the change in temperature that most likely occurred to metamorphose the sedimentary seafloor bedrock into the Carrara marble.

Change in pressure: _______ 
Change in temperature: _______ 

Question 72

72.

In terms of mineral properties, explain why a statue is easier to carve from pure white marble rather than from pure white quartzite.

Question 73

73.

Identify the force that pulled most matter to the center of the rotating disk in stage B.

Question 74

74.

Identify the process that produces energy in the core of the Sun at stage E by combining lighter elements into heavier elements.

Question 75

75.

Most asteroids formed in a belt located between 329 million and 478.7 million kilometers from the Sun. Identify the two planets located on either side of the asteroid belt.

_______ and _______ 

Question 76

76.

State the time at San Francisco, California, when it is 12 noon at New Orleans, Louisiana. Indicate a.m. or p.m. in your answer.

Question 77

77.

Identify the city on the map where the altitude of Polaris is closest to 45 degrees.

Question 78

78.

State one reason why the annual temperature range of Calgary, Canada, is greater than the annual temperature range in Sitka, Alaska.

Question 79

79.

Explain why the noontime altitude of the Sun (angle of insolation) is greater at Monterrey, Mexico, than at Calgary, Canada, every day of the year.

Question 80

80.

Identify the most likely types of precipitation that occur in Calgary, Canada, and Monterrey, Mexico, during January and February.

Type of precipitation in Calgary: _______ 
Type of precipitation in Monterrey: _______ 

Question 81

81.

Identify the name of the depositional feature surrounding location A that is forming where the river enters the ocean.

Question 82

82.

Describe how the rocks and sediments are rounded and smoothed as they are being eroded by the water in this river.

Base your answers to questions 83 through 85 on the timeline in the Show Your Work space and on your knowledge of Earth science. 

The timeline represents the last 600 million years of geologic time. Shaded area A represents the Neogene Period.

Question 83

83.

On the timeline in the Show Your Work space, accurately shade in an area to represent the entire Permian Period.

The timeline represents the last 600 million years of geologic time. Shaded area A represents the Neogene Period.

Question 84

84.

Identify the name of one New York State landscape region where the index fossil Phacops may be found in the surface bedrock.

Question 85

85.

List the following organisms in order of geologic age from youngest to oldest: earliest mammals, earliest stromatolites, earliest grasses, Earth’s first forests.

Youngest _______ 
_______ 
_______ 
Oldest  _______ 

Which diagram represents the location of the Moon in its orbit at the time that each of these three photographs (1, 2, and 3) were taken? (Diagrams are not drawn to scale.)

Which box best represents the ratio of these atoms at two half-lives?

Which map shows the stream pattern that probably formed on the surface of this landscape?

Which condition would produce an orbit with a greater eccentricity?

a decrease in the distance between the Sun and F2

an increase in the distance between the Sun and F2

a constant decrease in the orbital velocity of the planet

a constant increase in the orbital velocity of the planet

The arrangement and movement of celestial objects in our solar system is best described by the

spiral model

cosmic model

geocentric model

heliocentric model

Which color and texture of Earth materials absorbs the greatest amount of short-wave radiation from the Sun?

light color and smooth texture

light color and rough texture

dark color and smooth texture

dark color and rough texture

Two major greenhouse gases that absorb outgoing long-wave radiation within the atmosphere are

methane and oxygen

methane and carbon dioxide

nitrogen and oxygen

nitrogen and carbon dioxide

Heavy rains occur in Cambodia and Thailand when the moist air brought by the monsoon

rises, expands, and cools

rises, contracts, and warms

sinks, expands, and cools

sinks, contracts, and warms

Which map shows the most likely location and direction of the monsoon winds and regional atmospheric pressure occurring in Southeast Asia in July?

When Earth is located in the orbital position shown on the diagram, which constellation is visible to an observer in New York State at midnight?

Gemini

Pisces

Scorpius

Virgo

Approximately how many days (d) does it take for Earth to orbit from its present position to point A?

27 d

91 d

183 d

365 d

What is the youngest sedimentary rock layer represented in these cross sections?

black shale

brown sandstone

tan siltstone

conglomerate

Which sequence shows the relative ages of the igneous intrusion, fault X–Y, unconformity, and red sandstone, from oldest to youngest, in outcrop C?

unconformity —› igneous intrusion —› fault X–Y —› red sandstone

red sandstone —› unconformity —› igneous intrusion —› fault X–Y

fault X–Y —› unconformity —› red sandstone —› igneous intrusion

igneous intrusion —› fault X–Y —› red sandstone —› unconformity

Which processes formed the unconformities shown in outcrops B and C?

folding, faulting, and tilting

uplift, erosion, and deposition

weathering, abrasion, and igneous intrusion

melting, contact metamorphism, and solidification

Which characteristic of the volcanic ash layer is most useful for correlating rock layers in outcrops A, B, and C?

The ash was deposited over a large geographic area.

The ash layer varies in thickness.

Carbon-14 can be used to determine the age of the ash.

Igneous rock particles are found in the ash.

Which agent of erosion moves the particles within this erosional-depositional system?

waves

wind

running water

moving ice

The total range of particle sizes indicated in this system is

less than 0.0004 cm

0.0004 to 0.006 cm, only

0.006 to 0.2 cm, only

0.0004 to 0.2 cm

Which diagram indicates both the direction of dune migration (movement) and the dominant process occurring on each slope of the dune in box X?