Professor Bei believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.
psychodynamic
evolutionary
social-cultural
cognitive
behavioral
Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
social
clinical
developmental
industrial-organizational
personality
To describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchers are most likely to make use of
survey research.
naturalistic observation.
experimental methods.
random assignment.
the double-blind procedure.
The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of
functionalism.
structuralism.
behaviorism.
psychiatry.
empiricism.
Sasha believes that she is a very good driver. Her belief leads her to take unnecessary risks, such as driving too fast and cutting in front of other drivers. Sasha's driving appears to be affected by
intuition.
hindsight bias.
illusory correlations.
empiricism.
overconfidence.
Why is Wilhelm Wundt often considered the first scientific psychological researcher?
His scientific philosophy was carefully built on Descartes' idea about mind-body dualism.
He treated patients with mental illnesses using a medical model for the first time.
He analyzed data from his studies using inferential statistics.
He gathered data through experiments in his lab.
His attention to genetic causes was ahead of his time.
Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?
correlation
random assignment
replication
naturalistic observation
random sampling
Replication involves
overestimating the extent to which others share our views.
perceiving order in random events.
the selection of random samples.
repeating an earlier research study.
rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested.
Which of the following is true for those assigned to the experimental group in an experiment?
The experimental group receives the experimental treatment.
The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.
The research participants are exposed to all the different hypotheses.
The experimental group does not receive the experimental treatment.
The operational definition is not applied to their variables.
Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.
humanistic
psychodynamic
biological
social-cultural
evolutionary
If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are
independent variables.
negatively correlated.
positively correlated.
dependent variables.
causally related.
Dr. Roberts hypothesized that students in a classroom seating 30 would get higher course grades than students seated in an auditorium seating 300. In this example,
the independent variable is the measurement of course grades.
Dr. Roberts has found a positive correlation between classroom size and course grades.
Dr. Roberts has found a cause-effect relationship.
classroom size has been operationally defined.
Dr. Roberts has demonstrated the importance of random sampling.
What is the primary limitation of the case study research method?
Correlational findings from case studies cannot be interpreted as causal.
The case study is not part of the scientific method.
Individual cases can be misleading and result in false generalizations.
Random sampling must be used to ensure representative findings.
It is not an empirical method.
To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a
pie chart.
scatterplot.
skewed distribution.
bar graph.
standard deviation.
Professor Teruya noticed that the distribution of students' scores on her last biology test had an extremely small standard deviation. This indicates that the
mean test score was lower than the median score.
students' scores tended to be very similar to one another.
students generally performed very well on the test.
test was given to a very small class of students.
test was a poor measure of the students' knowledge.
Mr. and Mrs. Klostreich have six children aged 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16. The mean age of the Klostreich children is
4.
7.
8.
6.
5.
Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education?
–0.001
–0.01
+0.10
+0.50
+0.05
To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?
correlation
experimentation
naturalistic observation
the case study
the survey
Depression is an illness that may be related to chemical imbalances in the brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills. Such an integrated explanation best illustrates the
role of empiricism in science.
evolutionary perspective.
use of psychometrics.
advantage of applied research.
biopsychosocial approach.
A researcher interested in proving a causal relationship between two variables should choose which research method?
experiment
naturalistic observation
case study
survey
correlation
Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
William James
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
Carl Rogers
John B. Watson
Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.
illusory correlation; control group
replication; correlation
surveys; experiments
correlational studies; case studies
description; prediction
Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of
healthy growth potential.
unconscious thoughts.
childhood memories.
punishment and reinforcement.
genetic predispositions.
Professor Raza suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of
the placebo effect.
a hypothesis.
the hindsight bias.
illusory correlation.
an operational definition.
In the hypothesis “Students who study a list of terms in the morning, just after waking up, will recall more terms than students who study the list just before falling asleep,” what is the dependent variable?
list of terms
number of terms remembered
time of day
memorization
students
To assess the effect of televised violence on aggression, researchers plan to expose one group of children to violent movie scenes and another group to nonviolent scenes. To reduce the chance that the children in one group have more aggressive personalities than those in the other group, the researchers should make use of
operational definitions.
replication.
naturalistic observations.
the double-blind procedure.
random assignment.
In a study of the effects of alcohol consumption, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a
placebo.
dependent variable.
double blind.
random sample.
replication.
Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the
component elements of sensory experience.
inward immediate sensations, feelings, and impulses.
disruptive effects of unconscious motives.
adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions.
treatment of psychological disorders.
An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of
perceiving order in random events.
randomly sampling children's views.
generalizing from extreme examples.
exaggerating the extent to which others share our beliefs.
assuming that correlation proves causation.
When Mr. Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores. Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students?
median
standard deviation
range
mean
mode
In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo are participating in the ________ condition.
dependent variable
correlational
replication
experimental
control
The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n)
psychiatrist.
industrial-organizational psychologist.
biological psychologist.
clinical psychologist.
developmental psychologist.
A smaller survey attempts to make generalizations to a larger group. That group is called
survey.
independent variable.
case study.
control condition.
population.
Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.
biological
behavioral
evolutionary
psychodynamic
social-cultural
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to
overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.
reject any ideas that cannot be scientifically tested.
exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past events.
dismiss the value of replication.
assume that correlation proves causation.
Which of the following is the best definition of illusory correlation?
a predication about the relationship between two variables
any independent variable that does not truly cause a dependent variable
a perceived but nonexistent correlation
a scatterplot indicating the likelihood that a variable will or will not change
a statistical relationship between two variables
A correlation coefficient is a measure of the
average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean.
difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
frequency of scores at each level of some measure.
direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.
statistical significance of a difference between two sample means.
A researcher who deceives participants about the goals of the research needs to fully inform them of the true nature of the study later, according to which ethical principle of human experimentation?
protection from harm
informed consent
confidentiality
coercion
debriefing
A researcher who gathers and analyzes data from student essay test responses without talking with the students about the study violates which ethical principle of human experimentation?
informed consent
confidentiality
coercion
protection from harm
debriefing
To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the college registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana employed the technique of