Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.
primary
positive
fixed
continuous
unconditioned
An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.
variable-interval
partial-interval
fixed-interval
fixed-ratio
variable-ratio
It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
generalization
biological predispositions
spontaneous recovery
negative reinforcement
primary reinforcement
Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called
primary reinforcers.
successive approximations.
discriminative stimuli.
intrinsic motives.
cognitive maps.
If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a(n)
conditioned stimulus.
conditioned reinforcer.
immediate reinforcer.
primary reinforcer.
unconditioned stimulus.
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates
observational learning.
spontaneous recovery.
positive reinforcement.
respondent behavior.
shaping.
Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of
random sampling.
the hindsight bias.
the double-blind procedure.
naturalistic observation.
replication.
The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
acquisition; extinction
generalization; discrimination
reinforcement; punishment
primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of
delayed reinforcement.
classical conditioning.
successive approximations.
secondary reinforcement.
latent learning.
Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)
punishment.
positive reinforcer.
negative reinforcer.
conditioned response.
unconditioned response.
Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.
a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule
insight learning; latent learning
spontaneous recovery; acquisition
operant conditioning; classical conditioning
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
specific number of rewards and punishments are applied.
specified number of responses have been made.
specified time period has elapsed.
unpredictable number of responses have been made.
unpredictable time period has elapsed.
Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.
positive reinforcer
unconditioned stimulus
negative reinforcer
conditioned stimulus
punisher
If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are
negatively correlated.
dependent variables.
independent variables.
causally related.
positively correlated.
Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding.
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding.
Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.
Positive reinforcers have no effect on the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding.
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.
Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of
classical conditioning.
conditioned reinforcers.
observational learning.
operant conditioning.
negative reinforcement.
In classical conditioning, an organism forms associations between
positive and negative reinforcers.
primary and secondary reinforcers.
mirror neurons.
its own behavior and resulting outcomes.
events that it does not control.
Which of the following become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?
fixed-ratio schedules
mirror neurons
biofeedback systems
cognitive maps
operant chambers
An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)
discrimination.
unconditioned stimulus.
reinforcer.
conditioned stimulus.
operant behavior.
The most foolproof way of testing the true effectiveness of a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is by means of
experimental research.
case study research.
survey research.
correlational research.
naturalistic observation.
After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Catleinah was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Catleinah 's pattern of fear best illustrates
spontaneous recovery.
negative reinforcement.
shaping.
conditioned reinforcement.
discrimination.
Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered
positive reinforcement.
negative punishment.
positive punishment.
negative reinforcement.
continuous reinforcement.
Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
paying a cashier for a candy bar
assembling car parts in a factory
checking the mailbox to see if the mail has arrived
studying to be prepared for unexpected quizzes
inserting coins into a slot machine
Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates
operant conditioning.
respondent behavior.
latent learning.
observational learning.
spontaneous recovery.
A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of
extinction.
negative reinforcement.
instinctive drift.
spontaneous reinforcement.
discrimination.
Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
negative reinforcement.
negative punishment.
positive punishment.
punishing reinforcer.
positive reinforcement.
Replication involves
repeating an earlier research study.
perceiving order in random events.
the selection of random samples.
overestimating the extent to which others share our views.
rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested.
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer.
partial
conditioned
intermittent
negative
positive
Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has the urge to urinate. If the sight of a urinal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate
secondary reinforcement.
spontaneous recovery.
generalization.
a discriminative stimulus.
shaping.
Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.
positive
conditioned
negative
secondary
partial
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.
partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
reinforcement; punishment
immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer
primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.
conditioned
positive
delayed
partial
negative
Emilia believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates
reaction formation.
an internal locus of control.
unconditional positive regard.
the self-reference phenomenon.
reciprocal determinism.
Billy and Charlie, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of “Superman” on television. Billy’s mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?
observational learning
classical conditioning
delayed reinforcement
shaping
immediate reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery refers to the
return of a response after punishment has been terminated.
tendency of organisms to generalize conditioned responses.
expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive.
reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS.
A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method?
naturalistic observation
case study
correlation
experiment
survey
On the first day of class, Professor Kallay tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Kallay's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
variable-ratio
conditioned-response
fixed-ratio
variable-interval
fixed-interval
In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll
displayed little interest in the experimental situation.
did not demonstrate prosocial behavior even when such behavior was modeled later.
imitated the adult’s actions.
behaved aggressively in the presence of their parents.
acted aggressively in the presence of other children.
In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)
unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned response.
unconditioned response.
neutral stimulus.
conditioned stimulus.
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates