mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people.
step-by-step procedure for solving problems.
best example of a particular category.
simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently.
new, novel item fitting an existing mental category.
Noorhan systematically tried each successive key on her dad's key ring until she found the one that unlocked his office door. This best illustrates problem solving by means of
belief perseverance.
an algorithm.
the representativeness heuristic.
the availability heuristic.
fixation.
The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is most likely to
save time in arriving at solutions to problems.
yield more accurate solutions to problems.
minimize the overconfidence phenomenon.
involve greater reliance on language skills.
avoid the issue of fixation.
Which of the following best illustrates confirmation bias?
Roger can't find his 1-cup measuring cup and fails to realize he could use a tea cup.
Jeannette refuses to fly after seeing a news story about a recent plane crash.
Brett believes he is an outstanding driver, although most people are average.
A radio advertisement for a fast-food chain claims its hamburgers are made with 80 percent lean ground beef instead of saying 20 percent fat.
Asked to write an opinion paper on capital punishment, MacKenzie primarily searches for
evidence that supports her opposition to the practice.
A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. Green's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem.
This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by
the belief perseverance phenomenon.
the representativeness heuristic.
confirmation bias.
fixations.
the availability heuristic.
When Athena entered high school she was certain that she would never eat any of the junk food sold in the vending machines. By the end of tenth grade, however, Athena was munching on at least one bag of chips a day. Athena’s experience best illustrates
the availability heuristic.
confirmation bias.
overconfidence.
the framing effect.
the belief perseverance phenomenon.
The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a
prototype.
phenotype.
morpheme.
phoneme.
babble.
In the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)
prototype.
morpheme.
heuristic.
algorithm.
syntax.
During the earliest stage of speech development, infants
speak in single words that may be barely recognizable.
begin to imitate adult syntax.
make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired.
make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language.
use words that reflect the syntax of their parents' native language.
Noam Chomsky has emphasized that the acquisition of language by children is facilitated by
an inborn readiness to learn grammatical rules.
their ability to imitate the words and grammar modeled by parents.
the learned association of word sounds with various objects, events, actions, and qualities.
the positive reinforcement that adults give children for speaking correctly.
operant and classical conditioning techniques.
Telegraphic speech is
evident before babbling occurs.
considered a form of receptive language.
the smallest unit of language that carries meaning.
a system of language rules for combining morphemes.
a grammatically correct two-word utterance.
Perceived differences between various shades of color are greater if people assign a different name to each hue. This best illustrates the influence of
universal grammar on language acquisition.
algorithms on receptive language.
critical periods on language acquisition.
language on thinking.
syntax on prototype formation.
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations is known as
divergent thinking.
neural plasticity.
intelligence.
validation.
aptitude.
Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that can be used to
derive IQ scores by comparing mental age with chronological age.
evaluate how accurately test items predict a criterion behavior.
extract test norms from a standardization sample.
identify clusters of closely related test items.
provide a quantitative estimate of heritability.
Spearman's g factor refers to
the internal consistency of an intelligence test.
the genetic contribution to intelligence.
a general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks.
a highly developed skill or talent possessed by an otherwise retarded person.
the ability to understand and regulate emotions.
Psychological tests show that 18-year-old Ishmael has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Ishmael can, with a few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in this century. It would be fair to conclude that
the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no validity.
intelligence tests are generally good measures of verbal but not of mathematical intelligence.
Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome.
Isaiah excels in inductive reasoning.
the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no reliability.
Howard Gardner is most likely to agree that the concept of intelligence includes
minimizing one's negative emotions.
spatially analyzing visual input.
experiencing positive self-esteem.
behaving morally.
effectively completing factor analysis.
Those who define intelligence as academic aptitude are most likely to criticize
Terman's concept of innate intelligence.
Spearman's concept of general intelligence.
Binet's concept of mental age.
Gardner's concept of multiple intelligences.
Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence.
Of the following, who best illustrates Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence?
Jackie, a high school student who receives lower grades in physical education than in any other course
Frida, a business executive who effectively motivates her sales staff
Betty, a schoolteacher who refuses to pay taxes because they are used to develop new weapons
Salma, a fifth-grader who solves complicated mathematical problems in record time
Nikki, a teenager who completes the road test for her driver's license without a single error
When Mrs. McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Mrs. McGuire's perceptual skill best illustrates
analytical intelligence.
reliability.
emotional intelligence.
factor analysis.
validity.
The ability to deal effectively with social conflict is not likely to be reflected in one's performance on the WAIS. This best illustrates that intelligence is
impossible to measure with any reliability.
unrelated to the speed of cognitive processing.
a collection of distinctly different abilities.
a joint function of nature and nurture.
affected by stereotype threat.
The Stanford-Binet, WAIS, and WISC tests are all types of
personality tests.
factor analysis tests.
achievement tests.
multiple intelligence tests.
general intelligence tests.
The final exam in a calculus course would be an example of a(n) ________ test.
aptitude
achievement
standardized
general intelligence
diagnostic
A test of your capacity to learn to be an automobile mechanic would be considered a(n) ________ test.
reliability
interest
achievement
aptitude
intelligence
The French government commissioned Binet to develop an intelligence test that would
demonstrate the innate intellectual superiority of western European races.
effectively distinguish between practical and creative intelligence.
provide an objective measure of teaching effectiveness in the public school system.
reduce the need to rely on teachers' subjectively biased judgments of students' learning potential.
use achievement test scores to accurately predict aptitude.
Binet used the term mental age to refer to
the average chronological age of children who completed a particular grade in school.
the years of formal education successfully completed by a child.
the total number of items correctly answered on an intelligence test divided by the respondent's chronological age.
the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of intelligence test
performance.
the approximate maturational age of brain neurons as measured by processing speed.
Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. Wilbur's mental age is
4
4.5
5
80
125
The original IQ formula would be LEAST appropriate for representing the intelligence test performance of
preschool students.
kindergarten students.
grade school students.
middle school students.
college students.
The WAIS consists of separate ________ subtests.
intelligence and creativity
aptitude and achievement
practical and analytic
verbal and performance
emotions and reasoning
When Brandon was told that he correctly answered 80 percent of the items on a math achievement test, he asked how his performance compared with that of the average test-taker. Brandon's concern was directly related to the issue of
standardization.
predictive validity.
reliability.
content validity.
factor analysis.
About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115.
0
30
50
68
100
It would be reasonable to suggest that the Flynn effect is due in part to
the deteriorating quality of parental involvement in children's education.
increasingly improved childhood health and nutrition.
the decreasing reliance on a single test score as an index of mental aptitudes.
the failure to re-standardize existing intelligence tests.
the lack of early childhood education in urban areas.
Melinda completed the Computer Programming Aptitude Test when she applied for a position with Beta Electronics. Six months later, she took the same test when she applied for a position with another company. The fact that her scores were almost identical on the two occasions suggests that the test has a high degree of
content validity.
reliability.
predictive validity.
standardization.
stability.
If a road test for a driver's license adequately samples the tasks a driver routinely faces, the test is said to
be reliable.
have a normal distribution.
have content validity.
be standardized.
have predictive validity.
A college administrator is trying to assess whether an admissions test accurately predicts how well applicants will perform at his school. The administrator is most obviously concerned that the test is
standardized.
valid.
factor-analyzed.
normally distributed.
reliable.
In order to qualify for the office manager's job, 55-year-old Mariel must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of ________ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old.
general knowledge
spelling
abstract reasoning
vocabulary
verbal comprehension
Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person's
accumulated knowledge.
ability to reason speedily and abstractly.
ability to assume the perspective of others.
ability to utilize diffuse brain regions for storing memories.
ability to recall facts and concepts.
Research suggests that during early and middle adulthood
crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence decreases.
crystallized intelligence stabilizes and fluid intelligence increases.
crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence increases.
crystallized intelligence decreases and fluid intelligence decreases.
crystallized intelligence decreases and fluid intelligence stabilizes.
A condition involving intellectual disability caused by an extra chromosome in one's genetic makeup is known as
the Flynn effect.
functional fixedness.
Down syndrome.
savant syndrome.
autism.
The similarity between the intelligence test scores of identical twins raised apart is
less than that between children and their biological parents.
equal to that between identical twins reared together.
equal to that between fraternal twins reared together.
greater than that between ordinary siblings reared together.
equal to that between adopted siblings reared together.