Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.
An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.
It is easier to train a dog to bark for food than to train it to stand on its hind legs for food. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.
Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called
If a tone causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of food, the tone is called a(n)
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates
Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of
The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________.
An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of
Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)
Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.
A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying.
If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are
Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?
Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of
In classical conditioning, an organism forms associations between
Which of the following become active both when people watch an action being performed and when they perform that action themselves?
An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n)
The most foolproof way of testing the true effectiveness of a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is by means of
After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Catleinah was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Catleinah 's pattern of fear best illustrates
Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered
Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates
A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of
Revoking the driver's license of a reckless driver is intended to serve as a
Replication involves
Mason, a stockbroker, runs two miles every day after work because it reduces his level of stress. Mason's running habit is maintained by a(n) ________ reinforcer.
Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has the urge to urinate. If the sight of a urinal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate
Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.
A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.
Emilia believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates
Billy and Charlie, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of “Superman” on television. Billy’s mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?
Spontaneous recovery refers to the
A researcher interested in investigating the attitudes or opinions of a large sample of people is most likely to use which research method?
On the first day of class, Professor Kallay tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Kallay's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll
In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)
By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates
a. generalization.
b. the law of effect.
c. observational learning.
d. classical conditioning.