variables are manipulated carefully between groups.
the same people are retested over a period of years.
different age groups are tested at the same time.
the behavior of a group is assessed by different researchers.
different characteristics of a given individual are assessed at the same time.
Three-month-old Gabriel was obviously startled by the first ring of the telephone, but with each subsequent ring he seemed to become less reactive. This best illustrates the process of
habituation.
conservation.
imprinting.
attachment.
accommodation.
Gender role refers to
how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.
a set of expected behaviors for males and females.
one's biological sex.
a sense of being male or female.
a sense of being homosexual or heterosexual.
Three-year-old Ziva calls all four-legged animals “kitties.” Her tendency to fit all four-legged animals into her existing conception of a kitten illustrates the process of
accommodation.
conservation.
egocentrism.
assimilation.
habituation.
Horace, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to
maturation.
habituation.
imprinting.
conditioning.
responsive parenting.
Studies of monkeys raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant emotional bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with
the opportunity to explore.
breast-feeding.
adequate nourishment.
body contact.
self-esteem.
Mary believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost imperceptible changes over time. Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of
nature or nurture.
fluid or crystallized intelligence.
continuity or stages.
behavior or mental processes.
concrete or operational stages.
Christina is usually timid and fearful, whereas her sister Kathleen is typically relaxed and cheerful. The two sisters are most strikingly different in
physical health.
gender schemas.
temperament.
brain maturation.
intelligence.
Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to a fetus through the
teratogens.
embryo.
association areas.
neural networks.
placenta.
Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a
bull's-eye pattern.
facelike image.
rectangular shape.
circular shape.
mirrored surface.
Incorporating new information into existing theories is to ________ as modifying existing theories in light of new information is to ________.
imprinting; maturation
object permanence; insecure attachment
conservation; habituation
assimilation; accommodation
sensorimotor stage; preoperational stage
If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to
see things from the point of view of another person.
retain earlier schemas when confronted by new experiences.
deal with the discipline of toilet training.
think about moral situations in abstract, hypothetical ways.
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information is called a(n)
assimilation.
neural network.
attachment.
schema.
temperament.
When Leroy’s mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Leroy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ________ stage.
concrete operational
sensorimotor
formal operational
conventional
preoperational
Authoritative parents are likely to have children who
have high self-esteem and are self-reliant.
have high self-esteem but are somewhat dependent.
are rebellious and have low self-esteem.
are obedient but have low self-esteem.
have low self-concept but are egocentric.
People whose sense of gender identity or gender expression differs from that typical of their birth sex are called
asexual.
transgender.
homosexual.
transsexual.
bisexual.
A baby girl receives a(n)
Y chromosome from her father and mother.
partial components of both the Y and X chromosomes from both parents.
Y chromosome from her mother.
X chromosome from her father and mother.
Y chromosome from her father.
Lacking any exposure to language before adolescence, a person will never master any language due to the ________ of unemployed neural connections.
pruning
imprinting
habituation
maturation
temperament
A critical period is a phase during which
parents form important attachments with caregivers.
children become able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly.
parents frequently show impatience with a child's slowness in becoming toilet trained.
children frequently disobey and resist their parents.
certain events have a particularly strong impact on development.
On which of the following tasks is a 20-year-old most likely to outperform a 70-year-old?
recognizing previously presented names of fruits and vegetables
recognizing previously presented foreign language words
recalling previously presented nonsense syllables
recalling words for a crossword puzzle
recalling previously presented names of cities
Carol is distressed because post-childbirth complications prevented her from being in close physical contact with her child during his first few hours of life. Carol should be told that
physical contact with her infant immediately after birth would not contribute to the development of mother-infant attachment.
infants should be left physically undisturbed during the first few hours of life so they can rest.
infants form attachments based mostly on nourishment, not physical contact.
as long as she can breast-feed her baby, no lasting damage will be done.
human infants do not have well-defined critical periods for the formation of a mother-infant attachment.
Four-year-old Abby mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of
accommodation.
object permanence.
egocentrism.
attachment.
conservation.
Infants develop a fear of strangers at about 8 months of age because they can't assimilate unfamiliar faces into their
critical period.
attachments.
self-concept.
schemas.
theory of mind.
Harmful chemicals or viruses that can be transferred from a mother to her developing fetus are called
zygotes.
attachments.
schemas.
teratogens.
menarche.
When surrounded by men, a woman may become mindful of her gender because ________ often forms around one's distinctiveness.
object permanence
egocentrism
gender typing
a secure attachment
social identity
During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n)
zygote and finally develops into an embryo.
zygote and finally develops into a fetus.
fetus and finally develops into an embryo.
embryo and finally develops into a zygote.
embryo and finally develops into a fetus.
One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is
epinephrine.
serotonin.
testosterone.
alcohol.
dopamine.
As boys with explosive tempers grow older, they are especially likely to have difficulty maintaining good jobs and happy marriages. This fact is most relevant to the issue of
stability or change.
conventional or postconventional morality.
fluid or crystallized intelligence.
cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.
concrete or formal operations.
Five-year olds who were surprised to discover that a Band-Aids box contained pencils were able to anticipate their friend's false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a
concept of conservation.
theory of mind.
conventional morality.
self-concept.
secure attachment.
At 12 months of age Derek shows no more desire to be held by his own parents than by complete strangers. His behavior best illustrates
egocentrism.
insecure attachment.
conservation.
object permanence.
habituation.
Who is likely to be the most popular student in the fifth-grade class?
a. Helmut, who is the tallest boy in the class
b. Jeff, who is the statistician for the basketball team
c. Rufus, who is just exiting the critical period
d. Sally, who is the most sexually mature girl in the class
e. Hara, who is below average in height and physical maturity
Helmut, who is the tallest boy in the class
Jeff, who is the statistician for the basketball team
Rufus, who is just exiting the critical period
Sally, who is the most sexually mature girl in the class
Hara, who is below average in height and physical maturity
Avoiding physical punishment is to ________ morality as respecting the laws of society is to ________ morality.
preconventional; postconventional
conventional; postconventional
postconventional; conventional
conventional; preconventional
preconventional; conventional
“If you're really concerned about the rights and dignity of women,” Charles asked his older brother, “how can you justify buying pornographic magazines?” Charles’ question indicates that he is in the ________ stage of development.
preoperational
conventional
preconventional
concrete operational
formal operational
Gilbert notices that his sausage is sliced into six pieces, whereas his brother's is sliced into nine pieces. He understands, however, that his brother's sausage is not actually any larger than his own. This indicates that Gilbert has by now reached the ________ stage of development.
sensorimotor
preoperational
conventional
concrete operational
formal operational
Parents who make few demands on their children and use little punishment are
conventional.
permissive.
authoritative.
egocentric.
authoritarian.
Primary sex characteristics are to ________ as secondary sex characteristics are to ________.
male testes; female ovaries
female ovaries; deepened male voice
female breasts; deepened male voice
male testes; adrenal glands
adrenal glands; underarm hair
Which of the following is an example of imprinting?
A 4-year-old boy imitates aggression he sees on television.
A 2-year-old poodle approaches a stranger who calls it.
A 3-year-old girl is simultaneously learning two different languages.
A 2-week-old infant sleeps through the night for the first time.
A 1-day old duckling demonstrates attachment to a bouncing ball.
Hiram, a 25-year-old law student, is heterosexual; his brother Herbert, a 21-year-old college senior, is homosexual. The brothers obviously differ in their
erotic plasticity.
refractory period.
sexual response cycle.
sexual orientation.
set point.
Teo's ability to reason hypothetically in his geometry class indicates that he is in the ________ stage of development.
preoperational
preconventional
formal operational
concrete operational
postconventional
Arya is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Zoe, her infant daughter.
According to Erikson, Zoe is likely to
form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world.
achieve formal operational intelligence more quickly than the average child.
encounter some difficulty in forming an attachment to her father.
encounter some difficulty in overcoming the limitation of egocentrism.
change schema frequently to accommodate new situations.