An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her
self-esteem.
personality.
reality principle.
hierarchy of needs.
ego
Freud called his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques
a humanistic perspective.
terror-management theory.
a social-cognitive perspective.
psychoanalysis.
reciprocal determinism.
According to Freud, the unconscious is
the part of personality that cannot process information.
the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are largely unaware.
a set of universal concepts acquired by all humans from our common past.
a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that does not affect behavior.
the personality structure that abides by the reality principle.
According to Freud, thoughts that are too unsettling for people to acknowledge are
manifest contents.
self-serving biases.
repressed.
inferiority complexes.
social-cognitive.
When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his
superego.
collective unconscious.
ego.
id.
Oedipus complex.
Freud suggested that in a healthy person the
id is stronger than the ego and superego.
ego is stronger than the id and superego.
superego is stronger than the id and ego.
superego and id are equally strong.
id, ego, and superego are equally strong.
When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. He decided, instead, to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. Hafez shows signs of a
weak superego.
weak id.
strong collective unconscious.
strong ego.
weak collective unconscious.
One-year-old Melissa derives great pleasure from putting everything she touches in her mouth—toys, balls, Mom's keys, for example. Freud would have suggested that Melissa is going through the ________ stage of development.
phallic
anal
genital
latency
oral
Four-year-old John is very competitive with his father in trying to gain more attention from his mother. Freud would have suggested that John is going through the ________ stage of development.
phallic
latency
anal
oral
displacement
Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to
reciprocal determinism.
the self-reference phenomenon.
unconditional positive regard.
an external locus of control.
fixation.
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the
id to defend against the accusations and guilt feelings produced by the superego.
ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.
superego to prevent expression of sexual and aggressive drives.
id, ego, and superego in a repetitive sequence of internal conflicts.
unconscious to avoid the self-serving bias.
Unconsciously motivated by miserliness, Mr. Rioja refused to send his son money to buy the books he needs for his college courses. In defending his actions, Mr. Rioja explained that “parental financial aid prevents teenagers from developing into mature, independent adults.” Mr. Rioja's explanation is an example of
fixation.
rationalization.
projection.
displacement.
reaction formation.
Dane has unconscious impulses toward violent aggression, but his ego channels these impulses into his work as a district attorney, putting violent criminals in jail. Which defense mechanism is Dane’s ego employing?
repression
reaction formation
rationalization
displacement
sublimation
Hasina was an abused child; as an adult, she is homeless and squanders any money she can find on alcohol. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from
an Electra complex.
the spotlight effect.
an oral fixation.
feelings of inferiority.
the Barnum effect.
Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women
have weak superegos.
suffer an Electra complex.
often experience learned helplessness.
have stronger sexual instincts than men.
never experience a phallic stage of development.
Of the following, who would be most interested in the fact that many cultures share stories containing a “hero” character, such as King Arthur of Great Britain, Quetzlcoatl of the Aztecs, and Hercules of the ancient Greeks?
Sigmund Freud
Alfred Adler
Karen Horney
Carl Jung
Erik Erikson
Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning.
inferiority feelings
psychosexual stages
the collective unconscious
unconditional positive regard
displacement
Mr. Fobert was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Fobert was most likely taking the
TAT.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
MMPI.
Rorschach test.
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
Rona was asked by her psychotherapist to describe what she saw in 10 ambiguous inkblots. Rona was most likely responding to a(n) ________ test.
projective
Thematic Apperception
multiphasic personality
aptitude
empirically derived
Which of the following theories has been criticized for proposing that development is fixed in
childhood?
psychoanalytic
humanistic
social-cognitive
behavior
trait
Which perspective on personality emphasizes the importance of our capacity for healthy growth and self-realization?
psychoanalytic
social-cognitive
humanistic
trait
terror-management
Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for
reciprocal determinism.
an external locus of control.
self-actualization.
unconditional positive regard.
an internal locus of control.
Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential for growth and self-actualization. According to Maslow, Jin is striving for
identification.
self-transcendence.
free association.
reciprocal determinism.
self-concept.
Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parent-child interaction was most explicitly recommended by
Albert Bandura.
Gordon Allport.
Sigmund Freud.
Carl Rogers.
Carl Jung.
Carl Rogers believed that in order to be a fully-functioning individual, you must
have a strong ego.
possess an optimistic explanatory style.
challenge your feelings of inferiority.
receive unconditional positive regard.
perceive an internal locus of control.
Nadine tells her therapist that she is jealous of her best friend's popularity and wants to tell everyone about her friend's negative traits. Nadine is afraid her therapist will criticize her for those thoughts, but instead the therapist expresses empathy for Nadine's feelings. This Rogerian therapist is offering
the spotlight effect.
unconditional positive regard.
self-actualization.
free association.
self-transcendence.
Carl Rogers suggested that those who fall far short of their ideal self experience
a self-serving bias.
a negative self-concept.
an external locus of control.
a weak superego.
an internal locus of control.
Which of the following would most likely be said by a critic of humanistic psychology?
“Humanism only provides after-the-fact explanations of any personality characteristic.”
“Personality traits are not as enduring as humanists suggest.”
“Human behavior is not as predictable across different situations as humanists contend.”
“Humanists focus too much on the situation and not enough on internal factors in explaining behavior.”
“Humanistic concepts are too vague and subjective, making them difficult to measure
objectively.”
Trait theorists are more concerned with ________ personality than with ________ it.
predicting; assessing
describing; explaining
changing; analyzing
interpreting; observing
enhancing; measuring
Characteristic patterns of behavior and conscious motives are called
manifest content.
fixations.
projections.
traits.
self-actualizations.
The Big Five is the term currently used to refer to basic
psychosexual stages.
defense mechanisms.
trait dimensions.
sensory modalities.
reaction formations.
A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of
emotional stability.
extraversion.
openness.
agreeableness.
conscientiousness.
Emotional instability is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of
openness.
neuroticism.
agreeableness.
conscientiousness.
directness.
Being sociable and fun-loving is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of
openness.
conscientiousness.
extraversion.
emotional stability.
sublimation.
According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among
mind, body, and behavior.
thoughts, emotions, and actions.
behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.
id, ego, and superego.
learned helplessness, locus of control, and optimism.
Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them very kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by
a. reaction formation.
b. the spotlight effect.
c. external locus of control.
d. reciprocal determinism.
openness
reaction formation.
the spotlight effect.
external locus of control.
reciprocal determinism.
A criticism of the social-cognitive perspective has been that it
overestimates the importance of unconscious factors in personality.
is inconsistent with research demonstrating the pervasive nature of self-serving bias.
underestimates the importance of enduring personality traits.
is inconsistent with the results of contemporary research on learning processes.
overestimates the value of projective personality test scores.
When Taylor began tenth grade, all of his friends started “sagging,” wearing their pants below the waist. Whether Taylor conforms and begins dressing like his friends may best be predicted by
the strength of his ego.
his strivings for superiority.
his level of self-esteem.
his degree of conscientiousness.
his explanatory style.
Jacinda failed her last history midterm. Which of the following conclusions would be most
representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part?
“I really didn't prepare well enough for that test.”
“I wasn't concentrating as hard as I should have during the test.”
“I lack ability in history.”
“I think the test questions were ambiguous and confusing.”
“I'm not really a linear thinker, and that hurt me on the test.”
Exaggerated feelings of self-importance are most closely linked with