Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior
demonstrated role-playing.
illustrated normative social influence.
was the product of deindividuation.
reflected her personal disposition.
was situationally determined.
Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of
deindividuation.
social facilitation.
obedience.
group polarization.
modeling.
To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed
self-disclosure theory.
cognitive dissonance theory.
social exchange theory.
impression management theory.
attribution theory.
Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates
peripheral route persuasion.
superordinate goals.
social facilitation.
informational social influence.
central route persuasion.
A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates
the fundamental attribution error.
the frustration-aggression principle.
cognitive dissonance.
deindividuation.
the mere exposure effect.
University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates
social loafing.
the chameleon effect.
social facilitation.
deindividuation.
group polarization.
The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are most likely to
commit the fundamental attribution error.
engage in aggression.
form stereotypes.
discriminate against others.
experience cognitive dissonance.
College students judged an averaged, composite face as
less attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more realistic.
more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was more symmetrical.
less attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was less realistic.
more attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was less symmetrical.
less attractive than most individual faces because the averaged face was less symmetrical.
Facing the threat of death at the hands of terrorists is likely to heighten
deindividuation.
altruism.
equity.
patriotism.
social loafing.
Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude
“Patricia's brakes must have failed.”
“The road must have been wet and slippery.”
“They need to improve the visibility at that corner.”
“Patricia's children probably distracted her.”
“Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble.”
Government officials who emphasize that African-Americans are personally responsible for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group are most likely to promote
mirror-image perceptions.
prejudice.
deindividuation.
the social responsibility norm.
conciliation.
Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to
deindividuation.
normative social influence.
group polarization.
social facilitation.
informational social influence.
Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates
the bystander effect.
the mere exposure effect.
group polarization.
social loafing.
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
In Milgram's obedience experiments, “teachers” were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when
the experimenter became too pushy and told hesitant participants, “You have no choice, you must go on.”
the “learner” said he had a heart condition.
the experiment was conducted at a prestigious institution such as Yale University.
the “teachers” observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders.
the “learner” was placed in a different room from the “teacher.”
People are most likely to notice the impact of environmental influences on behavior when confronted by
cultural diversity.
the social-responsibility norm.
social scripts.
the other-race effect.
identical twins.
When the task of correctly identifying an individual in a slide of a four-person lineup was both difficult and important, participants in an experiment were especially likely to conform to others' wrong answers. This best illustrates the impact of
normative social influence.
the fundamental attribution error.
informational social influence.
ingroup bias.
the mere exposure effect.
The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to
realize that the incident was really an emergency situation.
assume personal responsibility for helping the victim.
notice that the incident was taking place.
experience any empathy for a stranger.
act on their empathetic feelings.
A person's behavior is most likely to be consistent with his or her attitudes when
our behavior is influenced by powerful external factors.
the attitudes are discrepant with most other people's opinions.
the attitudes are implicit rather than explicit.
the person has not publicly communicated those attitudes.
external influences on behavior are minimal.
Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their altruistic behavior are best explained in terms of
the social responsibility norm.
attribution theory.
the reciprocity norm.
the two-factor theory of emotion.
social exchange theory.
Yuri decided to delay his road trip after hearing a weather forecaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours. Yuri's decision best illustrates the impact of
normative social influence.
social facilitation.
the mere exposure effect.
the reciprocity norm.
informational social influence.
Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of
cognitive dissonance.
deindividuation.
attachment theory.
social facilitation.
modeling.
People heavily exposed to violent pornography are likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviors that reflect a misleading
hindsight bias.
social script.
bystander effect.
social-responsibility norm.
two-factor theory.
Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of
deindividuation.
prejudice.
a dispositional attribution.
the mere exposure effect.
aggression.
To help people avoid social traps, psychologists should promote an increased awareness of
deindividuation.
the social-responsibility norm.
normative social influence.
the mere exposure effect.
social facilitation.
Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of
conformity.
aggression.
group polarization.
social facilitation.
discrimination.
Attribution theory was designed to account for
social facilitation and social loafing.
the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior.
the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.
how people explain others' behavior.
the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations.
If two countries are rivals for the exclusive control of the same area of land, their predicament best illustrates
deindividuation.
conflict.
superordinate goals.
a social trap.
the two-factor theory.
In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates
a social trap.
the other-race effect.
implicit prejudice.
mirror-image perceptions.
deindividuation.
Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
the mere exposure effect.
win-win solutions.
deindividuation.
social traps.
In an experiment by Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to
the bystander effect.
passionate love.
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
the mere exposure effect.
social facilitation.
To “brainwash” captured American soldiers during the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective use of
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
the bystander effect.
the fundamental attribution error.
the frustration-aggression principle.
the just-world phenomenon.
Placing people into groups based on the arbitrary outcome of a coin toss leads people to show favoritism to their own group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates
ingroup bias.
the fundamental attribution error.
deindividuation.
the mere exposure effect.
reciprocity norm.
Research on physical attractiveness indicates that
young adults' physical attractiveness fails to predict their frequency of dating.
babies prefer attractive over unattractive faces.
adults' incomes are unrelated to whether they are plain looking or very attractive.
most children perceive themselves to be physically unattractive.
babies do not show preferences for any particular facial characteristics.
Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels, most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of
the fundamental attribution error.
a social trap.
the just-world phenomenon.
the bystander effect.
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Explicit attitudes are typically ________, whereas implicit attitudes are often ________.
conscious; unconscious
objective; subjective
persistent; temporary
ingroup biased; outgroup biased
negative; positive
Deindividuation refers to
the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior.
a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.
the failure to give aid in an emergency situation observed by many onlookers.
lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the
experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research.
“learners” received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems.
“teachers” were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.
participants were never debriefed about the true nature of the study.
“teachers” actually seemed to enjoy shocking the “learners.”
Toby publicly agrees with his friends that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best Student Senate President. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his friends' opinion best illustrates the power of
deindividuation.
informational social influence.
social facilitation.
the mere exposure effect.
normative social influence.
A readiness to assume that enslaved people deserve the terrible treatment they receive best illustrates
the just-world phenomenon.
the other-race effect.
group polarization.
scapegoat theory.
the frustration-aggression principle.
Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding