Mr. Porter believes that aggression is an unlearned behavior characteristic of all children. He obviously believes that aggression is a(n)
incentive.
homeostatic mechanism.
instinct.
drive.
motivation.
A drive refers to
a rigidly patterned and unlearned behavior characteristic of a species.
anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior.
an aroused, motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure.
an unconscious, repressed desire for pleasure.
Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.
homeostasis; thirst
incentive; instinct
need; drive
motivation; emotion
anorexia; bulimia
When we are too hot, we perspire in order to lower our body temperature and thereby
preserve body warmth.
arouse drives.
maintain homeostasis.
lower the set point.
regain incentives.
Roddy loves to snowboard. He enjoys performing aerial tricks after launching off high jumps. The higher in the air he goes and the farther he travels, the better. Which theory best explains Roddy’s motivation to snowboard?
instinct
drive-reduction
incentive
optimum arousal
hierarchy of needs
In which of the following situations would you perform best with lower levels of arousal?
A task that you could do easily.
A task that you watch others perform.
A task that you find difficult.
A task for which you have intrinsic motivation.
A task for which you have extrinsic motivation.
According to Maslow, our need for
love must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for food.
adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for self-esteem.
religious fulfillment must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for adequate housing.
self-actualization must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for friendship.
political freedom must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for economic security.
Hunger controls are located within the brain's
hypothalamus.
medulla.
temporal lobe.
amygdala.
hippocampus.
Blood glucose levels are regulated by secretions of ________ by the pancreas.
PYY
leptin
orexin
insulin
thyroxin
Increases in ________ increase hunger, whereas increases in ________ decrease hunger.
orexin; blood glucose
blood glucose; ghrelin
ghrelin; orexin
obestatin; orexin
estrogen; testosterone
When people with severe obesity undergo bypass surgery that seals off part of the stomach, the remaining stomach then produces much less
PYY.
orexin.
ghrelin.
insulin.
glucose.
Leptin, a hunger-dampening protein, is secreted by
endocrine glands.
the stomach.
fat cells.
the lateral hypothalamus.
the hypothalamus.
When an organism's weight falls below its set point, the organism is likely to experience a(n) ________ hunger and a(n) ________ its basal metabolic rate.
increase in; increase in
stabilization of; decrease in
increase in; decrease in
decrease in; increase in
increase in; stabilization of
Judy found that her party guests ate less from a very large plate of cupcakes that were cut in half rather than whole. This best illustrates
refractory period.
the settling point.
unit bias.
social facilitation.
homeostasis.
Masters and Johnson's research suggested that the resolution phase
is identical for men and women.
is a period when men are incapable of another orgasm.
is a time when women are unable to experience another orgasm.
occurs when the body slowly returns to its unaroused state, if orgasm has occurred.
is the stage when excitement peaks for men and women.
The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event.
the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal and the
subjective experience of emotion.
to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label the emotion.
cognitive experiences of emotion determine the extent of our physiological arousal.
Who suggested that “we feel sorry because we cry . . . afraid because we tremble”?
Stanley Schachter
William James
Walter Cannon
Richard Lazarus
Charles Darwin
According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousal.
Cannon-Bard theory
James-Lange theory
two-factor theory
catharsis hypothesis
adaptation-level principle
Which researcher believed that our body's responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions?
William James
Paul Ekman
Walter Cannon
Stanley Schachter
Carroll Izard
According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________.
facial expressions; a cognitive label
emotion-arousing events; physical arousal
physical arousal; overt behavior
a cognitive label; physical arousal
conscious experience; unconscious experience
A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but is a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small, enclosed space. With this new interpretation of his arousal, the patient no longer dreads elevators. The reduction in the patient's fear is best understood in terms of the
adaptation-level phenomenon.
two-factor theory.
James-Lange theory.
catharsis hypothesis.
relative deprivation principle.
Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the
thalamus.
cortex.
hypothalamus.
cerebellum.
hippocampus.
The low-road pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala most directly contributes to emotional ________ responses.
conscious
automatic
self-controlled
slowly developed
cathartic
A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is
acetylcholine.
epinephrine.
testosterone.
insulin.
dopamine.
Which division of the nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in emotionally stressful situations?
sympathetic
central
somatic
parasympathetic
autonomic
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
accelerates heart rate and slows digestion.
slows heart rate and accelerates digestion.
slows heart rate and slows digestion.
accelerates heart rate and accelerates digestion.
accelerates perspiration and accelerates respiration.
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are also referred to as
dopamine and acetylcholine.
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
endorphins and glucose.
serotonin and glutamate.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur when you are evacuated from a building that is on fire?
pupils dilate
digestion is inhibited
adrenal glands produce noradrenaline
respiration increases
heart rate slows
Which theory would be considered plausible by evidence that different emotional states have real physiological differences?
two-factor theory
Cannon-Bard theory
catharsis theory
James-Lange theory
adaptation-level theory
Boyd, a suspect in a criminal investigation, has agreed to take a lie detector test. The machine used in this test is most likely to measure his
blood sugar levels.
pupil dilation.
hormone secretions.
perspiration levels.
eye movements.
Kiana and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other. They would be advised to spend time looking intently at one another's
eyes.
lips.
hand gestures.
body postures.
nonverbal actions.
People often overestimate the clarity of their intentions in their e-mails or text messages because they underestimate the importance of ________ in communication.
relative deprivation
the spillover effect
tones of voice
the adaptation-level phenomenon
emotional adjectives
The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are
learned in early childhood.
different in Eastern and Western cultures.
the same throughout the world.
more similar in adults than they are in children or adolescents.
more similar in women than in men.
Rush hour traffic is to upset stomach as ________ is to ________.
fight; flight
Type B; Type A
lymphocyte; macrophage
stressor; stress reaction
adaptation; exhaustion
On orders from the cerebral cortex (via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland) the outer part of the adrenal glands secrete stress hormones such as
cortisol.
lymphocytes.
serotonin.
telomeres.
acetylcholine
The general adaptation syndrome describes phases in the
production of endorphins.
body's response to aerobic exercise.
body's response to prolonged stress.
process of biofeedback.
feel-good, do-good phenomenon.
Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip inside, indicating that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing?
resistance
alarm reaction
adjustment
exhaustion
denial
Margo never enjoys spring break because at the end of every finals week she catches a bad cold. Margo is most likely in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
adjustment
alarm
resistance
resolution
exhaustion
Viral infections are to ________ as bacterial infections are to ________.
B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes
Type B personalities; Type A personalities
T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes
Type A personalities; Type B personalities
coronary heart disease; immune diseases
Which of the following BEST explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections?
Stress hormones accelerate the “hardening” of the arteries.
Stress hormones facilitate the depositing of cholesterol and fat around the heart.
Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes.
Stress hormones trigger the release of carcinogens.
Stress hormones increase emotional responses, starting the general adaptation process.