Match each term with its label on the diagram.
| Stavka koja se može prevući | arrow_right_alt | Odgovarajuća stavka |
|---|---|---|
C | arrow_right_alt | cell |
A | arrow_right_alt | nucleus |
E | arrow_right_alt | chromosome |
B | arrow_right_alt | DNA Molecule |
D | arrow_right_alt | gene |
Select one or more statements that are considered to be true about genetics.
Gregor Mendel followed specific steps when breeding pea plants to determine the underlying cause and mathematical ratio of specific traits. Sequence the responses so that they describe the order of his process and findings.
Mendel crossed two contrasting true-breeding plants with two different traits for a given characteristic.
Mendel labeled the offspring of the first plants bred F1, for the first filial generation.
Mendel cross-bred F1 plants with each other.
The F2 population produced flowers in a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive traits.
Match the following phenotypes and genotypes with the correct term.
| Stavka koja se može prevući | arrow_right_alt | Odgovarajuća stavka |
|---|---|---|
homozygous dominant | arrow_right_alt | Phenotype: Blue eyes Genotype: two recessive blue alleles |
heterozygous | arrow_right_alt | Phenotype: Brown eyes Genotype: Two dominant brown alleles |
homozygous recessive | arrow_right_alt | Phenotype: Brown eyes Genotype: One dominant brown allele and one recessive blue allele |
One of Mendel’s laws that states that two copies of a gene will segregate so that each gamete receives only one copy is known as the . Mendel's law that states each pair of alleles segregates independently of one another during the formation of gametes is known as the .
Complete the Punnett square shown below.
Use dihybrid cross to solve the following problems.
Key:
H = long hair
h = short hair
A = brown
a = green
What is the probability of having offspring that are homozygous dominant for both traits?
What is the probability that the first offspring will be either long-haired and brown-eyed or long-haired and green-eyed?
What is the probability that among the first two offspring, one will be short-haired and green-eyed, and the other will be short-haired and brown-eyed?
Evaluate each statement as an example of or a contradiction of either the law of independent assortment or the law of segregation. Drag each statement to the correct column. Remember that brown hair is dominant over blond hair, and that brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes.
Most blue-eyed people have blond hair because those traits are linked
Children of two heterozygous brown-haired brown-eyed parents will have the same probability of having blue-eyed children as having blond-haired children.
If a brown-eyed parent and a blue-eyed parent have a blue-eyed baby, both genes came from the blue-eyed parent.
If a brown-eyed parent and a blue-eyed parent have a blue-eyed child, then the brown-eyed parent must have a recessive blue-eyed allele.
Example of Law of Segregation
Contradiction of Law of Segregation
Example of Law of Independent Assortment
Contradiction of Law of Independent Assortment
DNA and RNA are the two molecules that carry the genetic information by which living things transfer characteristics from one generation to the next. These molecules are comprised of various atoms and compounds. Classify the following as either an atom or compound of DNA and RNA.
nitrogen base
carbon
oxygen
ATP
sugar
Atoms
Compounds
The functioning of DNA and RNA are affected by various enzymes. Sometimes, environmental factors can influence how these enzymes work. Which of these are factors that can change enzyme functionality?
DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids. Models of DNA and RNA are shown. Determine whether each of these statements describe DNA, RNA, or both.
has uracil bases
has a free -OH group on its sugar
has a sugar-phosphate backbone
is usually double stranded
contains nitrogenous bases
contains carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen
DNA
RNA
Both
DNA contains four differen nucleotides, each with a different chemical base:
In eukaryotic organisms, DNA is contained inside the cell . DNA is tightly coiled around proteins to form structures called . This packaging enables the long, delicate strands of DNA to be compacted into a tiny space. It also provides a way for cells to control The chromosomes of eukaryotes are typically . By contrast, the DNA of prokaryotes is usually arranged in a single chromosome that is located in an area called the and may be loosely tethered to the cell .
Match the following terms with their correct description.
| Stavka koja se može prevući | arrow_right_alt | Odgovarajuća stavka |
|---|---|---|
RNA polymerase | arrow_right_alt | the shape of a DNA molecule; two spiral strands wrapped around each other |
helicase | arrow_right_alt | Y-shaped structure that forms during the process of DNA replication; the unseparated double stranded DNA represents the base of the Y |
replication fork | arrow_right_alt | enzyme that transcribes RNA from a DNA template |
double helix | arrow_right_alt | responsible for unwinding DNA at the start of the replication process |
Determine whether each of these events of eukaryotic DNA replication is associated with leading strand synthesis or lagging strand synthesis or both.
Primase begins RNA polymerization de novo.
DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA 5' to 3'.
Ligase joins Okazaki fragments together
DNA polymerase replaces RNA primers with DNA.
Leading strand
Lagging strand
DNA Exploration Lab link
bit.ly/3H6r9fV
Using the 'Build' tab at the bottom of the text, follow the prompts to build your DNA segment. Post a screenshot of your model to this question.
DNA Exploration Lab link
Using the 'Replicate' tab at the bottom of the text, follow the prompts to build a copy of a DNA strand using nucleotides. Post a screenshot of your model to this question.
Refresh: Gregor Mendel studied the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. While he had no knowledge of DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis at the time, he was able to postulate several accurate ideas about how traits are inherited. Match the following terms or processes with the best definition.
| Stavka koja se može prevući | arrow_right_alt | Odgovarajuća stavka |
|---|---|---|
pedigree | arrow_right_alt | having two identical alleles for the same trait |
heterozygous | arrow_right_alt | the first generation of offspring after a cross |
first filial | arrow_right_alt | multiple alleles being expressed at the same time |
monohybrid | arrow_right_alt | having one dominant and one recessive allele for a particular trait |
homozygous | arrow_right_alt | a cross involving only one trait |
codominant | arrow_right_alt | a family tree showing the inheritance of a particular trait |
Which of the following best describes the relationship between DNA and proteins?
Transcription is the beginning of protein synthesis. Some of the following sentences describe events that occur during the process of transcription in eukaryotes. Place the steps of the process of transcription in the order that they occur.
The enzyme separates the DNA into two strands.
The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA.
The RNA molecule (called the transcript) moves to the cytoplasm.
RNA polymerase adds complementary base pairs to form a strand of RNA.
Three main steps must occur to process the mRNA molecule in preparation for protein synthesis:
Extra sequences at one or both ends of the are trimmed off. Specialized enzymes called cut the RNA strand at specified locations.
Sections of sequences in the middle of RNA are edited out. Enzymes join, or , the remaining sequences to form the complete RNA.
RNA nucleotides can be modified at either end or within the body of the strand. Modification on the ends, which caps the molecule, prevents further by exoribonucleases. Other modifications RNA for different functions it will perform during protein synthesis.
Match the type of RNA with their correct functions.
| Stavka koja se može prevući | arrow_right_alt | Odgovarajuća stavka |
|---|---|---|
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | arrow_right_alt | It contains a sequence of nucleotides that direct the assembly of amino acids into proteins. It carries this information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. |
Messenger RNA (mRNA) | arrow_right_alt | It transfers amino acids to the ribosome as the protein is built. It also connects each three-letter genetic code carried in mRNA to a corresponding amino acid. There are 64 different three-letter codes for 20 amino acids. |
Transfer RNA (tRNA) | arrow_right_alt | It is present in the subunits of a ribosome that allow for decoding of mRNA. It also interacts with tRNA during protein synthesis to help form peptide bonds between amino acids. |
Sequence the process for translation.
The amino acids are joined by a peptide bond.
The amino acids become a protein when released from the ribosome. The chain twist up to make a protein.
A chain of amino acids is formed until a stop codon is reached.
The new tRNA molecule carrying another amino acid pairs with the second mRNA codon.
A ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand. A tRNA anticodon matches with the mRNA codon.
Usually first codon is AUG. The ribosome then slides over one codon on the mRNA.
Use the genetic code chart to translate each codon. Then, connect the codon to the amino acid it represents.
GGG =
UUA =
UAA =
CAC =
AUG =
Categorize the following types of mutations as either a gene mutation or a chromosomal mutation.
substitution - One nucleotide is switched for a different nucleotide.
insertion - An extra nucleotide is added to the mRNA strand.
amplification - An extra copy or copies of part or all of a chromosome is made.
translocation - Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
deletion - A nucleotide is deleted from the mRNA strand.
deletion - Part of a chromosome is lost.
Gene Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations
The is the widely-accepted idea that DNA provides the template of instructions for the synthesis of RNA, and mRNA provides the template of instructions for the synthesis of proteins. All cells, whether they are bacterial cells or human cells, share two basic steps of gene expression: . The visible or measurable traits of an organism that result from this process are called . Sometimes, mistakes happen in the process of gene expression. These include erroneous substitution, insertion, or deletion of a nucleotide, which is also called . Gene expression can also be influenced by factors. Different genders exhibit traits, such as baldness, genes for which are carried by both sexes but are only expressed in males. can lead to deseases and birth defects, but they can also result in that may aid an organism's survival in a changing environment.
Which statements about genetic disorders are correct? Discuss how to modify any incorrect statement to make it a correct statement with a classmate.
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences about the molecular basis of heredity.
1. The hereditary information of an organism is contained in a molecule called
2. Chromosomes are composed of a well-defined mixture of
3. Genetic
4.
5. Human gametes contain
Match the term with the appropriate image of the abnormality.
| Stavka koja se može prevući | arrow_right_alt | Odgovarajuća stavka |
|---|---|---|
translocation | arrow_right_alt | |
insertion | arrow_right_alt | |
deletion | arrow_right_alt | |
inversion | arrow_right_alt | |
duplication | arrow_right_alt |
An disorder is one that arises if even just one allele is mutated. This means that a child would only have to inherit a diseased allele from one parent in order to contract the illness. is an example of this disorder.
An individual must have two copies of dysfunctional, or mutant, alleles in order to have an disorder. If they have one normal copy of the gene, they will remain healthy. One example of this disorder is .
disorders are caused by mutations in genes on the X or Y chromosome. Thus, they affect males and females differently. There are both X-linked and Y-linked disorders. is an X-linked disease that affects approximately 1 in 10,000 births. can be caused by a Y-linked disorder in which portions of the Y chromosome are deleted.
