ESS Honors Final Exam 2023

Last updated almost 3 years ago

50 questions

Instructions

Required

1

Required

3

Required

1

Required

3

Required

3

Required

1

Required

2

Required

1

Required

1

Required

3

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

7

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

4

Required

1

Required

4

Required

4

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Library

ESS Honors Final Exam 2023

Last updated almost 3 years ago

50 questions

Instructions

Essential HS.E2U1.15 
Construct an explanation based on evidence to illustrate the role of nuclear fusion in the life cycle of a  star.
Essential HS.E2U1.16 
Construct an explanation of how gravitational forces impact the evolution of planetary motion, structure, surfaces, atmospheres, moons, and rings.
Essential HS.E2U1.17 
Construct an explanation of the origin, expansion, and scale of the universe based on astronomical evidence.

Required

1

Briefly state the main reason that most scientists rejected Wegener's hypothesis when he first proposed Continental Drift?

Required

3

Using jargon (terms specific to this type of science) describe what is happening in the image below. State a minimum of 3 supporting details.

Required

1

Draw an image that represents Newton's Law of Gravitational Force. Be sure to (1.) label all of the parts, (2.) show all necessary arrows appropriately, and (3) contain enough information that you would be able to solve the problem. Do NOT solve the problem.

Required

3

Explain how activities of humans have impacted the rate at which climate change is happening. State at least 3 supporting details.

Required

3

Make comparisons between the solar nebula theory to that of the genesis (beginning) of a new star? Use jargon (specific terms for this area of science) appropriately in your answer.

Required

1

Required

2

Required

1

Required

1

Required

3

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

7

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

4

Required

1

Required

4

Required

4

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Required

1

Essential HS.E2U1.15 
Construct an explanation based on evidence to illustrate the role of nuclear fusion in the life cycle of a  star.
Essential HS.E2U1.16 
Construct an explanation of how gravitational forces impact the evolution of planetary motion, structure, surfaces, atmospheres, moons, and rings.
Essential HS.E2U1.17 
Construct an explanation of the origin, expansion, and scale of the universe based on astronomical evidence.

Briefly state the main reason that most scientists rejected Wegener's hypothesis when he first proposed Continental Drift?

Using jargon (terms specific to this type of science) describe what is happening in the image below. State a minimum of 3 supporting details.

Draw an image that represents Newton's Law of Gravitational Force. Be sure to (1.) label all of the parts, (2.) show all necessary arrows appropriately, and (3) contain enough information that you would be able to solve the problem. Do NOT solve the problem.

Explain how activities of humans have impacted the rate at which climate change is happening. State at least 3 supporting details.

Make comparisons between the solar nebula theory to that of the genesis (beginning) of a new star? Use jargon (specific terms for this area of science) appropriately in your answer.

Two balls have their centers 5.0 m apart. One ball has a mass of 3.5 kg. The other has a mass of 7.6 kg. What is the gravitational force between them? Take a picture of your work and upload the picture. Also turn in your work to your instructor.

9.01×10-10 N

3.55×10-10 N

7.09×10-11 N

1.35×10-11 N

Match the letter to the planet's name.

Which statement(s) about the heliocentric and geocentric models are correct. Select all that apply

Both models explain planetary motion.

The heliocentric model states that all planets orbit in ellipses.

The geocentric model states that Earth is the center of the universe.

Neither model explains which speed the planets travel in their orbits.

The heliocentric model was proven to be false by Kepler

The Solar Nebula collapsed on itself after circling at high velocity, creating enormous solar winds that gave way to which of the following features of the universe?

Massive structures of planets & atmospheres of planets

Moons & rings

All of these

None of these

Compare and contrast Jovian and Terrestrial Planets

	Jovian	Terrestrial
Atmospheres of these planet's are distinct and do not blend into the planet's surfaces.
Typically has multiple moons and can have rings.
After the collapse of the solar nebula, these landed furthest from the sun.
Mostly ice, rocks, and light weight gasses like hydrogen and helium.
These planet's cores are made of molten metal that are very hot.
These planets are smaller than the others.

If the mass of a planet near the Sun were doubled, the force of attraction would __________.

remain constant

be doubled

be one half as strong

be squared

According to Kepler's laws, which of the following statements is true?

Planets orbit at constant velocity.

All points on the path of the planet's orbit are equidistant from the Sun.

Planets move slower when they are closer to the Sun and faster when they are farther away.

Planets move faster when they are closer to the Sun and slower when they are farther away.

If the radius of the planet's orbit were doubled in the diagram below, what effect would it have on its period of orbit?

It would decrease.

It would have no effect.

It would increase.

More information is needed to determine the 

The time it takes a planet to complete one revolution is called the _______.

period

focus

ellipse

orbit

How do Kepler’s laws of planetary motion compare to Newton’s laws of motion and Newton’s law of universal gravitation?

Kepler described the shape and speed of Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Newton identified the
forces that cause Earth to orbit the Sun.

Kepler explained only the shape of Earth’s orbit. Newton explained only Earth’s speed in orbit.

Kepler explained the effect of gravity on Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Newton explained the
effect of the Moon’s gravity on the Sun.

Kepler described Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Newton described the Moon’s orbit around Earth.

Uranus takes 84.0 earth years to orbit the Sun. Determine the average distances from the sun for this planet. SHOW YOUR WORK

19.2 AU

7, 056 AU

84.0 AU

4.4 AU

The drawing below shows Earth's orbit. In this case, the twelve positions are each exactly 30 days apart. Comparing the arc of September to October the arc from December to January the

distances are different, but the time is the same.

distances are the same, but the time is different.

areas are different and the time is different.

areas are the same and the time is different.

Because of its changing proximity to the Sun, which property does Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion predict will change during a planet's orbit?

orbital eccentricity

orbital period

orbital speed

orbital minor axis

Required

1

Which statement is a direct implication of Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion?

A planet's acceleration is affected by its mass.

A planet's velocity depends on its position in its orbit.

A planet's total distance from the foci of its orbit is constant

A planet's period can be predicted from the semi-major axis of its orbit.

In this drawing, a planet is orbiting around the Sun. How does Newton’s universal gravitation affect the movement of the planet as it approaches the Sun?

The Sun’s gravitational force slows the planet down, keeping it close by for a longer period of time.

The planet's speed is unchanged by gravitation from the Sun, but the distance traversed by the planet in its orbit is shorter.

The planet’s own gravitational force causes the planet to speed up as it nears the Sun.

The Sun’s gravitational force pulls more strongly on the planet as it approaches, speeding it up in its orbital path.

Which of the following describes the relationship between Kepler's first law and Newton's law of gravitation.

Air resistance force

Centrifugal force

Frictional Force

Gravitational force

Given the following information, calculate the eccentricity Planet QRZTA's orbit. The mathematically calculated foci is 15 kilometers from the sun. The minor axis of the orbit is 20 kilometers and the major axis is 50 kilometers.

Nuclear fission involves

the absorption of neutrons (or other relatively light particles) by a light nucleus, which causes it to split into two (or more) heavier nuclei.

the absorption of neutrons (or other relatively light particles) by a heavy nucleus, which causes it to split into two (or more) lighter nuclei.

two relatively light nuclei that combine (via a collision) to afford a single, heavier nucleus.

two relatively heavy nuclei that combine (via a collision) to afford a single, lighter nucleus.

Why does nuclear fusion require high pressures and temperatures?

To provide enough energy to split the nucleus.

To overcome the electrostatic repulsion of the nuclei.

The two nuclei are both negatively charged and repel each other.

To lower the cost.

Match the following to the correct nuclear reaction:

	Nuclear Fission	Nuclear Fusion
Heavy nuclei splitting into two lighter ones
Provides a greater energy output
Radioactive waste byproducts
Helium as a byproduct
Occurs in Stars and the Sun
Controlled energy
Combining lighter nuclei together

Do all stars make energy through fusion?

Only large stars

Yes

Just our sun

No

Which reaction does not occur naturally?

Fusion

Radioactive Decay

Fission

Isotopes are...

atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and the same number of neutrons.

atoms of different elements that have a different amount of protons and the same number of neutrons.

atoms of different elements that have a different amount of protons and a different number of neutrons.

atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

What isotope(s) are used during stellar fusion to form the byproduct?

Uranium

Tritium and Deuterium

Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2

Helium-2 and Helium-4

The main sequence of a star is an important part of a star's life cycle because...

this is when hydrogen atoms undergo fusion and allow the star to release energy in the form of heat and light

this is when hydrogen atoms undergo fission and allow the star to release energy in the form of heat

this is when the star loses the ability to undergo fusion and begins to collapse in on itself

this is when the star can shed it's outer layers and gravity collapses the core

List the order of the life cycle of an average size star

A young star that has just started the fusion of hydrogen is called a ____________________.

Main sequence star 

Red Giant

Nebula

Black Dwarf

Match the description with the stage

	Protostar	Main sequence	Red Giant	Neutron star
Collection of gas, dust and molecules
All parts of the atom explodes leaving only neutrons behind
Core temperature and pressure is high enough to initiate nuclear fusion
core collapses and outer shell sheds

Match the process with the correct star cycle

Which type of tectonic plates go under other tectonic plates?

Less Dense and thin

More dense and thick

Less Dense and thick

More dense and thin

Drilling samples revealed that rock samples taken farther from a mid-ocean ridge are

younger

hotter

older

crystal

When continental plates collide what landform is made?

Rocks on the sea-floor that lie in a pattern, show a record of the reversals of

atmosphere

magnetic field

diversity

temperature

Magnetic stripes are ____________ on opposite sides of the mid ocean ridge.

Symmetrical

Asymmetrical

Oldest

Lighter

Two balls have their centers 5.0 m apart. One ball has a mass of 3.5 kg. The other has a mass of 7.6 kg. What is the gravitational force between them?  Take a picture of your work and upload the picture.  Also turn in your work to your instructor.

9.01×10-10 N

3.55×10-10 N

7.09×10-11 N

1.35×10-11 N

Match the letter to the planet's name.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

Mercury

Mars

Jupiter

Venus

Uranus

Neptune

Earth

Saturn

Which statement(s) about the heliocentric and geocentric models are correct.  Select all that apply

Both models explain planetary motion.

The heliocentric model states that all planets orbit in ellipses.

The geocentric model states that Earth is the center of the universe.

Neither model explains which speed the planets travel in their orbits.

The heliocentric model was proven to be false by Kepler

The Solar Nebula collapsed on itself after circling at high velocity, creating enormous solar winds that gave way to which of the following features of the universe?

Massive structures of planets & atmospheres of planets

Moons & rings

All of these

None of these

Compare and contrast Jovian and Terrestrial Planets

Jovian

Terrestrial

Atmospheres of these planet's are distinct and do not blend into the planet's surfaces.

Typically has multiple moons and can have rings.

After the collapse of the solar nebula, these landed furthest from the sun.

Mostly ice, rocks, and light weight gasses like hydrogen and helium. 

These planet's cores are made of molten metal that are very hot.

These planets are smaller than the others.

If the mass of a planet near the Sun were doubled, the force of attraction would __________.

remain constant

be doubled

be one half as strong

be squared

According to Kepler's laws, which of the following statements is true?

Planets orbit at constant velocity.

All points on the path of the planet's orbit are equidistant from the Sun.

Planets move slower when they are closer to the Sun and faster when they are farther away.

Planets move faster when they are closer to the Sun and slower when they are farther away.

If the radius of the planet's orbit were doubled in the diagram below, what effect would it have on its period of orbit?

It would decrease.

It would have no effect.

It would increase.

More information is needed to determine the 

The time it takes a planet to complete one revolution is called the _______.

period

focus

ellipse

orbit

How do Kepler’s laws of planetary motion compare to Newton’s laws of motion and Newton’s law of universal gravitation?

Kepler described the shape and speed of Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Newton identified the
forces that cause Earth to orbit the Sun.

Kepler explained only the shape of Earth’s orbit. Newton explained only Earth’s speed in orbit.

Kepler explained the effect of gravity on Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Newton explained the
effect of the Moon’s gravity on the Sun.

Kepler described Earth’s orbit around the Sun. Newton described the Moon’s orbit around Earth.

Uranus takes 84.0 earth years to orbit the Sun. Determine the average distances from the sun for this planet.  SHOW YOUR WORK

19.2 AU

7, 056 AU

84.0 AU

4.4 AU

The drawing below shows Earth's orbit. In this case, the twelve positions are each exactly 30 days apart.  Comparing the arc of September to October the arc from December to January the

distances are different, but the time is the same.

distances are the same, but the time is different.

areas are different and the time is different.

areas are the same and the time is different.

Because of its changing proximity to the Sun, which property does Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion predict will change during a planet's orbit?

orbital eccentricity

orbital period

orbital speed

orbital minor axis

Which statement is a direct implication of Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion?

A planet's acceleration is affected by its mass.

A planet's velocity depends on its position in its orbit.

A planet's total distance from the foci of its orbit is constant

A planet's period can be predicted from the semi-major axis of its orbit.

In this drawing, a planet is orbiting around the Sun. How does Newton’s universal gravitation affect the movement of the planet as it approaches the Sun? 

The Sun’s gravitational force slows the planet down, keeping it close by for a longer period of time.

The planet's speed is unchanged by gravitation from the Sun, but the distance traversed by the planet in its orbit is shorter.

The planet’s own gravitational force causes the planet to speed up as it nears the Sun.

The Sun’s gravitational force pulls more strongly on the planet as it approaches, speeding it up in its orbital path.

Which of the following describes the relationship between Kepler's first law and Newton's law of gravitation.

Air resistance force

Centrifugal force

Frictional Force

Gravitational force

Given the following information, calculate the eccentricity Planet QRZTA's orbit.  The mathematically calculated foci is 15 kilometers from the sun.  The minor axis of the orbit is 20 kilometers and the major axis is 50 kilometers.   

e=0.2

e=0.4

e=0, it's clearly a circle

e=0.3

e=1, it's clearly a circle

Nuclear fission involves

the absorption of neutrons (or other relatively light particles) by a light nucleus, which causes it to split into two (or more) heavier nuclei.

the absorption of neutrons (or other relatively light particles) by a heavy nucleus, which causes it to split into two (or more) lighter nuclei.

two relatively light nuclei that combine (via a collision) to afford a single, heavier nucleus.

two relatively heavy nuclei that combine (via a collision) to afford a single, lighter nucleus.

Why does nuclear fusion require high pressures and temperatures?

To provide enough energy to split the nucleus.

To overcome the electrostatic repulsion of the nuclei.

The two nuclei are both negatively charged and repel each other.

To lower the cost.

Match the following to the correct nuclear reaction:

Nuclear Fission

Nuclear Fusion

Heavy nuclei splitting into two lighter ones

Provides a greater energy output

Radioactive waste byproducts

Helium as a byproduct

Occurs in Stars and the Sun

Controlled energy

Combining lighter nuclei together

Do all stars make energy through fusion?

Only large stars

Yes

Just our sun

No

Which reaction does not occur naturally?

Fusion

Radioactive Decay

Fission

Isotopes are...

atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and the same number of neutrons.

atoms of different elements that have a different amount of protons and the same number of neutrons.

atoms of different elements that have a different amount of protons and a different number of neutrons.

atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

What isotope(s) are used during stellar fusion to form the byproduct?

Uranium

Tritium and Deuterium

Hydrogen-1 and Hydrogen-2

Helium-2 and Helium-4

The main sequence of a star is an important part of a star's life cycle because...

this is when hydrogen atoms undergo fusion and allow the star to release energy in the form of heat and light

this is when hydrogen atoms undergo fission and allow the star to release energy in the form of heat

this is when the star loses the ability to undergo fusion and begins to collapse in on itself

this is when the star can shed it's outer layers and gravity collapses the core

List the order of the life cycle of an average size star

white dwarf

red giant

planetary nebula

stellar nebula

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

A young star that has just started the fusion of hydrogen is called a ____________________.

Main sequence star 

Red Giant

Nebula

Black Dwarf

Match the description with the stage

Protostar

Main sequence

Red Giant

Neutron star

Collection of gas, dust and molecules

All parts of the atom explodes leaving only neutrons behind

Core temperature and pressure is high enough to initiate nuclear fusion 

core collapses and outer shell sheds 

Match the process with the correct star cycle 

Massive Star Cycle

Average Star Cycle 

Supernova 

White Dwarf 

Neutron Star 

Red Giant 

Which type of tectonic plates go under other tectonic plates?

Less Dense and thin

More dense and thick

Less Dense and thick

More dense and thin

Drilling samples revealed that rock samples taken farther from a mid-ocean ridge are

younger

hotter

older

crystal

When continental plates collide what landform is made?

Islands

Mountains

Trenches

A and B

All of the Above

Rocks on the sea-floor that lie in a pattern, show a record of the reversals of

atmosphere

magnetic field

diversity

temperature

Magnetic stripes are ____________ on opposite sides of the mid ocean ridge.

Symmetrical

Asymmetrical

Oldest

Lighter

What helped the scientists to figure out that seafloor is not flat?

Radio waves

Iron alignment

Sound waves

Magnetic orientation

What broke apart to form the current continents?

Subduction 

Mid ocean ridge

Eurasia

Pangaea

What were Wegner's lines of evidence? Select ALL that apply

Climate

Fit of Continents 

Fossils

Rocks

Name the type of boundary seen in the diagram.

Transform Fault

Convergent (oceanic-oceanic)

Divergent

Convergent (continental-oceanic)

Which gases contribute to green house effect? Select all that apply

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Methane

As the human population grows, what happens to our natural-resource requirements?

Remains same

Increases

Decreases

Balances out

One reason why people should be aware of the impact of their actions on the environment is that...

the depletion of non-renewable resources cannot be reversed.

humans need less renewable resources today than in previous generations.

ecosystems are never able to recover once they have been adversely affected.

there is a decreased need by humans for non-renewable resources, so we have to plan accordingly.  

Human Activity that would have a negative impact on the Earth includes which of the following?

Tree Planting

Deforestation 

Recycling

Water Conservation

Which of the following would be considered a renewable resource?  Select ALL that apply.

Wind

Fossil Fuels

Coal

Solar

What is a positive for increased human population?

increased demand for resources

increased greenhouse gasses

over fishing

more innovation

The diagram below shows four points along Earth's orbit as it revolves around the Sun. The shaded area in the section bounded by points 1 and 2 is the same as the shaded area in the section bounded by Points 3 and 4.
Which statement accurately compares the conditions at these four points?

Earth's speed is the same as it goes from Point 1 to Point 2 as when it goes from Point 3 to Point 4.

The magnitude of Earth's acceleration is the same at all four points.

Earth takes the same amount of time to go from Point 1 to Point 2 as it does to go from Point 3 to Point 4.

The Sun's gravitational pull on Earth is the same at Point 1 as it is at Point 3.