Henry II EQ2 - How had Henry II resolved The Anarchy by 1162?

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Barons and their castles

Finances

Borders

Government

Law

Henry II EQ2 - How had Henry II resolved The Anarchy by 1162?

Posljednje ažuriranje over 2 years ago

Barons and their castles

Why were the barons' adulterine castles such a threat to Henry?

There were not many of them

Their high walls meant that they could escape the king's control and house armies of mercenaries

Their low walls mean that the king could invade at any time

What military technology did Henry invest in?

Siege motor

Siege whisk

Siege engine

What was Henry II's nickname after he resolved the issue of the barons' castles

Henry Castle Crusher

Henry Castle Breaker

Henry didn't ever have any nicknames

Henry II's nickname suggests

Henry was boring

Henry was not successful in attacking adulterine castles

Henry was successful in attacking adulterine castles

What is a marcher baron?

A baron who likes marching

A baron with land on England's border with Scotland and Wales

A baron with land on France's border

To fortify means to

times something by forty

make something stronger

make something weaker

Every castle in England was under Henry II's control by

1176

1066

1076

What did Henry II do to castles held by marcher barons?

destroyed some and fortified some

destroyed them all

fortified them all

How much did Henry spend on making sure his own castles were stronger than the barons?

£700

£7 million

£760

Escheat was an ancient law that allowed

the barons to take the land of criminal monarchs

the crown to take the land of criminal barons

the crown to take the land of a dead or criminal baron

What two huge earldoms did Henry gain by using Escheat

York and Wales

York and Chester

York and Oxford

In 1154 there were 22 earldoms and duchies, but by the end of Henry's reign there were only

Why did Henry want to reclaim the cities of London, Lincoln, York and Winchester, Exeter, Oxford and Leicester from barons?

They were all on his upcoming UK tour

They had high walls

They were wealthy cities

Finances

Why was Henry II so eager to raise funds at the start of his reign?

To pay for his clothes and expensive food

Resolving The Anarchy was going to be expensive

Resolving The Anarchy was going to cheap

Rent from the barons was

the largest source of income to the crown

the smallest source of income to the crown

Why was Henry's destruction of baronial fiefdoms great for finances?

it was expensive

it raised taxes

it made sure barons paid their rent

What is purpresture

reducing your territory

expanding control to neighbouring plots of land

taxing people of the royal demesne

Henry did not just reclaim the forest and farm, what else did he do to increase revenue?

He decreased the efficiency of the farm and forest, increasing profit from both by 25%

He increased the efficiency of the farm and forest, increasing profit from both by 25%

He increased the efficiency of the farm and forest, increasing profits by 50%

What is The Forest?

Trees

An area of royal demesne where crops of livestock and sold for crown profit

An area of royal demesne where the charcoal, minerals and wood are sold for crown profit

What is The Farm?

pigs

An area of royal demesne where crops of livestock and sold for crown profit

An area of royal demesne where the charcoal, minerals and wood are sold for crown profit

Tallage was a tax introduced by Henry II in

1156

1150

1156, however it had not been used since before 1066

Tallage taxed who?

Residents of the Royal Demesne

Residents of The Farm

All barons

Tallage was...

successful because Henry had violent punishments to anyone who suggested they would not pay

successful because records on land ownership in the Royal Demesne were kept well

unsuccessful because records on land ownership across England were badly kept

Danegeld was an ancient tax introduced in

1150

1156

1156, however it had not been used since before 1066

Danegeld taxed

Residents of the Royal Demesne

Residents of The Farm

All barons

Danegeld was

unsuccessful because records on land ownership across England was badly kept

successful because Henry used violent punishments against anyone who suggested they would not pay

successful because records on land ownership in the Royal Demesne were kept well

Why were barons not willing to pay the Danegeld tax for 24% of English land?

24 was an unlucky number

24% of them had their land taken from them by Escheat

24% of land was deemed "waste" as a result of the civil war and was unprofitable

Why was the Danegeld deemed unfair?

Henry II gave exemptions to the tax to his strongest supporters

Henry II made sure everyone had to pay

Henry II only taxed Danish people

Who did Henry II hire as treasurer?

Bishop Nigel, the treasurer of Stephen I

Richard FitzNigel, the treasurer of Henry I

Bishop Nigel, the treasurer of Henry I

What did Bishop Nigel invent?

The pipe roll

The sponge

The siege engine

How did the treasurers increase scrutiny over English finances?

They held twice-yearly courts of the Exchequer to investigate financial conduct and would charge mints and moneyers if they made mistakes

They did not

They held twice-yearly courts of the Exchequer to investigate financial conduct and made all the coins themselves

According to Richard fitzNigel, England's finances had changed from

written record to memory

memory to written record

caterpillar to butterfly

By 1154 there were 47 mints, but Henry II centralised this system, reducing them to just

28 by 1158

1 by 1158

29 by 1158

Borders

Stephen I

Gained control over York

Lost control of Normandy

Gained control over Normandy

Stephen's war with Matilda enabled...

The king to sell mercenaries

Barons to go north

Barons to establish their own fiefs in the north

During The Anarchy, barons

Destroyed the king's castles

Built castles with the permission of the king

Built illegal castles, reducing the king's power

By 1154, how many Welsh princes supported Henry?

Some

All

One, the ruler of Powys

Homage means

finding a home somewhere

paying the monarch loyalty - this means paying him rent

paying the monarch loyalty so you don't have to pay rent

Henry launched his first campaign in Wales in

1156

1154

1157

Owain Gwynedd and Lord Rhys had become

best mates

the two Welsh Princes most loyal to Henry II

the two most powerful Welsh Princes

During Henry II's first campaign in Wales, he

raised an army of 30,000 soldiers and killed Owain and Rhys

raised an army of 30,000 soldiers - the Princes surrendered

raised an army of 30,000 soldiers and put a fleet of ships behind Anglesey - the Princes surrendered

After this, Owain...

distrusted the king

paid homage to the king

died suddenly

During Stephen's reign, the Scottish

did not invade England

advanced as far south as Durham

advanced as far south as Chester

King Malcolm IV saw Henry II's army and...

responded by surrendering only the territory of Cumberland

responded by surrendering the territories of Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland

responded by attacking

After this, Malcolm IV...

established a strong relationship with Henry II, paying him homage and even fighting beside him in Toulouse

established a strong relationship with Henry II, even playing with him!

distrusted Henry II

Government

What is the Curia Regis?

Harry Potter spell

The King's Court

The Exchequer

What role did the Curia Regis play?

the centre of authority and decision-making in England

the place the king lived

the place where the king relaxed

What is a magnate?

A member of the Curia Regis, e.g. The Treasurer

A member of The Chancery, e.g. the King's Seal

A member of the Curia Regis, e.g. The Exchequer

What is a Justiciar?

Magnate responsible for finances

Magnate responsible for law and order

Magnate in control of the King's Seal

Who was Henry II's Justiciar in 1154?

Bishop Nigel

Richard fitzNigel

Richard de Lucy

Who was Henry II's Treasurer in 1154?

Bishop Nigel

Thomas Beckett

Richard fitzNigel

Who was Henry II's Chancellor in 1154?

Richard de Lucy

Richard fitzNigel

Thomas Beckett

Richard de Lucy was...

known as Richard the disloyal, for having supported rebellious earls like William le Gros

known as Richard the Loyal, for leading the challenge against rebellious earls like William le Gros

known as Richard the Loyal, for having supported Henry against Stephen I

Richard de Lucy was often trusted as "Regent". What does this mean?

The old word for referee

Someone in charge whilst the king was away

A legal expert

What is was the role of Chancellor?

Magnate responsible for finances

Magnate responsible for law and order

Magnate who had the King's Seal and had unlimited access to the king

Why was Thomas Beckett a good choice for Chancellor?

He was literate, fluent in languages, stupid and friendly

He was literate, fluent in languages, intelligent and friendly

He was rich and noble-born

In 1154, what was the relationship like between Henry II and Thomas Beckett?

A relationship of deep trust - he was known as Thomas the Loyal

A relationship of mistrust - he supported rebellious earls

A relationship of deep trust - they played together and fought alongside each other in Toulouse

How did Beckett revolutionise government?

He got rid of the Palace of Westminster to centralise government processes and increased the number of clerks from 11 to 52 by 1162

He established the Palace of Westminster to centralise government processes and increased the number of clerks from 11 to 52 by 1162

He invented the pipe roll

Law

What did Henry II do to Trials by Ordeal and Trials by Oath in 1155?

He made them more popular

He took part in them

He repealed them

Henry II...

standardised the legal system by making sure there was only one type of court that everyone went to

standardised the legal system by making sure every major crime was punished the same and fining people who did not go to court

standardised the legal system by making sure every major crime was punished differently and allowing people to not turn up to court

Standardised writs...

cost 6 shillings and ensured that everyone could have access to legal protection

cost 6 shillings and ensured that only the rich could have access to legal protection

cost 12 shillings and ensured that only the rich could have access to legal protection

The most popular standardised writ under the reign of Henry II was...

Mort d'Ancestor

Curia Regis

Novel Disseisin

Novel Disseisin...

protected people from claiming inheritance to your land after your ancestor has died

protected people from being dispossessed from their land

protected people from limescale and plaque build-up

Mort d'Ancestor...

protected people from claiming inheritance to your land after your ancestor has died

protected people from being dispossessed from their land

protected people from limescale and plaque build-up

What had Henry II done to the system of itinerant justices developed by Henry I?

revived it

forgotten it

centralised it

What had Henry II added to court procedure to increase judgement accuracy?

included a jury of 12 men of good character

got rid of the unreliable jury

included a jury of 12 men of questionable character

Sheriffs were given Articles of Eyre. What were these?

a set of questions which Sheriffs asked the jury to scrutinise them

a set of questions which Sheriffs asked the justiciar to scrutinise them

a set of questions which Sheriffs asked justices to scrutinise them

What community did Henry II's judicial reforms have no impact on?

the ecclesiastical community - which includes 4% of lay people!

Villeins and the ecclesiastical community - which includes 4% of lay people!

the ecclesiastical community - which includes 24% of lay people!

Between 1153-64 at least 100 serious crimes were committed by the clergy which went without trial. What crime was this?

purpresture

tax evasion

murder