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Renaissance and Reformation Test

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Last updated 4 months ago
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Question 1
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Identify and explain TWO ways the Renaissance led to new ways of thinking in Europe.

Question 33
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Evaluate the political and cultural effects of the Reformation in Europe. Support your answer with valid examples.

Calvinism
Philosophy that emphasized the human experience over religious doctrine
Humanism
German credited with inventing the printing press (in Europe)
perspective
Painted the Mona Lisa; example of a "Renaissance Man"
Elizabeth I
Artistic technique that shows depth on a 2D surface
Niccolo Machiavelli
Protestant sect that focused on individual reading of the Bible and salvation through faith
Erasmus
Protestant sect that focused on salvation through predestination
Johannes Gutenberg
Italian writer who studied and published a book on realistic politics
Lutheranism
Polish astronomer and mathematician credited with the heliocentric theory of the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus
Sculpted La Pieta
Leonardo da Vinci
Language or dialect spoken by ordinary people
Michelangelo
English ruler who solved decades of religious strife through compromise
vernacular
Wrote Praise of Folly
What caused Henry VIII to break with the Catholic Church and seize control of the English church?
The Catholic clergy refused to obey King Henry VIII’s Act of Supremacy.
The Protestants pressured King Henry VIII to break away from the Catholic Church.
The pope refused to annul King Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
The newly elected pope was a Frenchman.
Look at the map. In which area would Protestants be most likely to face persecution?

Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
Sweden and Norway
England and France
Austria and Poland
“To [man] it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.”
— Pico della Mirandola

Which characteristic of the Renaissance does this quotation reflect?
revival of the classics
humanism
patronage
religious faith
According to John Calvin's teachings, how is salvation achieved?
through sacraments
through good works
through predestination
This picture shows the artist Michelangelo in front of his sculpture of Moses. Which new idea used by Renaissance artists is demonstrated by the sculpture?

use of religious themes
use of realism
use of the Gothic style
use of vernacular
Which general conclusion did Isaac Newton’s observation of gravity have on the way we understand the universe?
The law of gravity is one of several natural forces that explain and govern the motion of the planets and stars.
The laws of physics use gravity to help illustrate a form of higher mathematics called calculus, in part developed by Newton.
Gravity was the missing link that was needed to link astronomy, physics, and mathematics.
The law of gravity is the force that explains why the sun is at the center of the solar system.
What connection exists between the printing press and the start of the Protestant Reformation?
The Catholic Church was quickly able to print anti-Luther propaganda
The availability of books encouraged critical thought and the questioning of Church practices
The availability of books reinforced the teachings of the Church
Martin Luther wrote his complaints with the church in a best-selling novel
Which scientist was responsible for the heliocentric model of the universe?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Isaac Newton
Galileo Galilei
Look at the chart. Which statement best summarizes the factors that caused the Protestant Reformation?


Reformers argued there was widespread corruption in the Church.
Granting indulgences for money made the Church wealthy
The Church was charging too much money for services
A political struggle developed between the Church and princes.
How did the new heliocentric theory differ from the model of the universe shown in the image?
It said that planetary orbits are perfectly circular
It said that the Earth is at the center of the universe
It said that the sun is at the center of the universe
It said that the planets are held in place by gravity
“I never had any meaning or intent that (my) subjects should be troubled or molested [harassed] by examination or inquisition in any matter either of their faith or for that matters of ceremonies, as long as they shall in their outward conversation show themselves quiet and not manifestly repugnant to the laws of the realm.”
— Queen Elizabeth I

Which of the following policies best reflects the ideas in this quotation from Queen Elizabeth?
establishing the Church of England as a Calvinist religious institution
ordering the persecution of Roman Catholics
compromising by incorporating both Protestant and Catholic aspects into the Church of England
breaking ties with the Catholic Church so she could divorce and produce a male heir
The dome of this Renaissance cathedral in Florence reflects which characteristic of the Renaissance?

the revival of classical forms
the use of Chinese architecture in Europe
the increase in skilled artisans
In which way does this painting by Northern European artist Pieter Bruegel differ from the work of Italian Renaissance painters?

It focuses on the realities of peasant life.
It lacks depth and perspective.
It shows the influence of the Protestant Reformation.
What did Galileo Galilei's ideas about the universe support?
Copernicus's idea about how the Earth moves around the Sun
ancient ideas about the Earth being the center of the universe
the Church's ideas, which were based off those of Ptolemy
The Pietà is an example of the realistic representation of humans in the sculptures of...

Brunelleschi.
Leonardo da Vinci.
Michelangelo.
Look at the image. Which effect did the machine in the image have in Europe during the Renaissance?
Gutenberg’s printing press revolutionized the way people accessed and consumed information and exposed people to new ideas.
Raphael’s engraving technology led to mass-produced art that people could buy cheaper than hand-copied art.
Dürer’s use of engravings helped spread Renaissance ideas throughout Europe.
Shakespeare’s use of comedy and popularized literature helped to re-energize the theater.
“27. There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul flies out of the purgatory immediately the money clinks in the bottom of the chest."
“28. It is certainly possible that when the money clinks in the bottom of the chest avarice [extreme greed] and greed increase; but when the church offers intercession [intervention], all depends in the will of God.”
— Martin Luther, 95 Theses

Which of the following provides an accurate historical context for this excerpt from Martin Luther’s 95 Theses?
Protestantism denied the Roman Catholic concept of purgatory, rejecting any role for church officials in a person’s fate after death.
Protestantism rejected papal authority, especially relating to what was regarded as the corrupt selling of indulgences.
Protestantism maintained that governments should be run by qualified religious leaders, but Rome should play no role.
Protestantism preached the idea of predestination, arguing that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation.
Which of the following is the best example of a theocracy?
a government run by religious leaders
a government run by citizens of all religions
a government run by elected officials
a government run by divine monarchs
“How we live is so different from how we ought to live that he who studies what ought to be done rather than what is done will learn the way to his downfall rather than to his preservation.”
— Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince

Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of this excerpt?
A successful ruler must be idealistic to overcome his opponents.
A successful ruler must be observant and practical rather than idealistic.
A successful ruler knows that his enemies will defer to him.
A successful ruler must consult his teachers to make decisions.
“Only a very few can be learned, but all can be Christian, all can be devout, and—I shall boldly add—all can be theologians.”
— Erasmus

Which central idea that Erasmus strived to achieve is implied in this quotation?
to form a Protestant Church that is free from the corrupt dictates of papal rule
to form theocratic societies based on a simpler version of Christianity
to make religion more accessible by translating the Bible into the vernacular
to promote the benefits of the printing revolution
What was the eventual result of the scientific contributions of René Descartes and Francis Bacon?
The geocentric view of the universe was discarded, in spite of Church pressure against the heliocentric model.
Mathematics was applied to the movement of planets, in which laws of gravity were observed and established.
A new body of science called chemistry was established, which proposed that all matter is composed of tiny particles.
A new step-by-step scientific method resulted, based on inquiry, experimentation, and observation.
In this painting, Dutch Calvinists are destroying Catholic religious images. Which of the following best explains why scenes like this were common during the Reformation?

Religious extremism and intolerance rose as Christianity splintered.
Roman Catholics persecuted Protestants, so acts of reprisal increased.
Protestant theology banned the worshiping of saints.
Protestants rejected papal rule and rebelled against Renaissance art.
This painting by Raphael of a gathering of great people from different periods is called the School of Athens. In which way is it a reflection of Renaissance ideas?

It portrays a biblical scene but places it in a Renaissance setting.
It commemorates a historic debate in Athens that was frequently discussed by Renaissance thinkers.
It shows Gothic style and Renaissance techniques such as perspective.
It celebrates classical heritage but also acknowledges Renaissance artists and thinkers.
In The Book of the Courtier, which author described the ideal Renaissance man and woman?
Pico della Mirandola
Baldassare Castiglione
Niccolò Machiavelli
Analyze this woodcut print of St. Christopher by Albrecht Dürer. What about it tells you that this is a Renaissance work rather than a medieval one?

the formal pose of the man and cherub compared to the more lifelike poses used in medieval art
the realistic portrayal of the man and the cherub and its use of shading to make objects look real
the fact that a religious subject is portrayed in a natural setting instead of a classical setting
the attempt to make it look old by creating it in black and white instead of using bright colors
Which idea differentiates the Protestant doctrines of Calvinism and Lutheranism?
Calvin’s belief in purgatory
Luther’s rejection of papal rule
Luther’s rejection of indulgences
Calvin’s belief in predestination
Which of the following was a characteristic of Protestantism but not of Roman Catholicism?
Bibles in vernacular
confession
excommunication
lavish churches
Which action did Martin Luther take to help start the Protestant Reformation?
He was excommunicated from the Church after he was charged with multiple offenses against its teachings.
He gained support for his reforms from religious leaders in other parts of Europe but German princes revolted against them.
He nailed his 95 Theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg to start a debate about his complaints against the Church.
Which Renaissance artistic techniques are best illustrated by this painting of The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci?

close study of anatomical detail
stylized lighting and flat human forms
emphasis on secular subjects
perspective and shading
How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?
It compromised by embracing the Calvinist ideas of predestination, going so far as to establish theocratic communities.
The Inquisition established pious new religious orders including the Jesuits and an order of nuns led by Teresa of Avila.
It erupted into turmoil, resulting in greater religious conflict including the persecution of witches and the split of the Church of England.
It enacted its own reforms, attempting to end corruption with a renewed emphasis on morality and discipline.