AST Frac Level 2

Instructions

Please round numeric answers to the nearest 2 decimal place.

1

How many gallons of FR is pumped on a substage that lasted 10 mins with a proppant concentration of 1.25 ppg, an average rate of 80 bpm, and an FR loading setpoint of 0.65 gpt?

1

Assuming a steady rate of 56 bpm, determine the loading setpoint of each chemical if the following volumes were pumped in 3.5 mins period.
FR: 6.5 gal
Surf: 2.3 gal
Clay Stabilizer: 0.9 gal

1

Find the chemical rates (gal/min) for the following substages assuming the slurry rate is constant at 80 bpm and chemical loading is 1.00 gal/1000.
(1) West TX 100 mesh at 1.0 ppg
(2) West TX 40/70 at 1.50 ppg

1

Determine the flowrates (gal/min) of the following chemicals with their respective loading setpoints, assuming the clean rate is constant at 65 bpm
FR: 0.75 gpt
Surf: 0.5 gpt
Scale: 0.15 gpt

1

A customer has 318 gal of FR on location for the 95 bpm (clean rate) stage design that is expected to last 1.2 hours. Assuming a perfect stage, what loading (gpt) would you recommend the customer to run the FR at to use all the FR?

1

What should the RPMs of each of the 3 screws be if we have a slurry rate of 110 bpm with a concentration of 2.00 ppg? Treater is running his PPRs at 28 lbs/rev.
Assuming the 3 screws are set to be running at the same RPM.

1

What should the treater set his PPR at if the auger (assuming perfect shape) has a diameter of 7-in and a pitch of 12-in?

1

What is the maximum rate (bpm) that can be pumped if there are 3 iron lines going to the wellhead? ID of iron pipes is 3.97-in

1

We are setting up a job that has max rate of 105 bpm and max sand concentration of 2.00 ppg. There will be 2 blenders, how many discharge and suction hose will be needed. Assuming 2 extra hoses for each.

1

The HHP is estimated to be 15,000 hhp. The well has TVD of 4,000 ft and we are pumping freshwater on pad. The BHTP is estimated to be 8,000 psi. What is the rate (bpm)?

1

What # gel system would have if gel loading setpoint is 3.75 gpt?

1

What should the loading setpoint (gpt) be if the design calls for a 20# gel system?

1

We just staged up from 1.75 ppg to 2.00 ppg sand 30 seconds ago, the rate remains constant at 110 bpm. Assume we are using produced water with SG of 1.007, casing type is 17# J-55 (CCF: 0.0232). Find the hydrostatic pressure (psi) at TVD of 8000 ft.

1

When the treater cuts 2.00 ppg sand to go on flush, do you expect to see surface pressure (STP) increase or decrease initially?
How much pressure change should you expect on flush if your TVD is 8500 ft?
Assuming the change in BHTP is negligible.

1

Given the perforation interval [top, bottom] = [5600, 5800] ft, and ISIP = 2300 psi, what is the frac gradient? Use mid-perf for this calculation.

1

If you have a BHP of 8,982 psi, a TVD of 9,658 ft, and a frac gradient of 0.93. What is the ISIP (psi)?

1

Find flush volume needed to bottom perf (no overflush) if the first 8,290' is using #20 5.50" casing. Then from 8,290' to 12,677' the #21.60 4.50" casing is used.
The bottom perforation for Stage 4 is 12,030'.

1

What is the bottom hole pressure if you are on 1.75 ppg and the pressure measured at the wellhead is currently at 8,788 psi? TVD of the well is 9,647 ft.

1

Given the following table, find stage proppant pumped during {West TX 100 mesh, 1.25 ppg} step.

1

Given the following figure, what is the friction pressure at 100 bpm in 4.5in casing with TVD of 6,147 ft?

1

If we order 8,000 gal of 35.21% HCl acid, and dilute it to 17%, how many gals of 17% HCl do we have?

1

If we need 10,000 gal of 15% HCl to finish the job, how many bbls of water do you need to order to dilute the needed amount of 35.21% HCl to make the solution?

1

What is the difference between Pressure A and Pressure B?

1

Which iron rating is needed for a job that calls for 10,500 psi max treating pressure?

1

What is the size of a standard plastic chemical tote?

1

What is the conversion factor used at AST for converting cu.ft to lbs capacity on our sand kings?

1

How do you get straps when using sand kings?

1

How many compartments do AST sand kings normally have?

1

There are 2 sand kings rigged up for a job, how do you label these best to communicate with the treater?

1

Briefly explain what the PPR is.
Can the PPR be changed physically?
Why do treater discuss changing PPR when he needs to adjust how to run sand?

1

What are the two engines on a frac blender? What are the main functions?

1

What equipment is used to measure sand concentration at the blender? Where is this equipment measuring the sand concentration at?

1

Why would the inline be lower than target at this point (at the Red arrow)?

1

When strapping chemical from a standard plastic tote, 1 inch is corresponding how many gallons?

1

What does it mean when a pump has lost its prime?

1

Which of the following best describes the process of cavitation?

1

Which one is the correct lubricant type for frac pump plunger at AST?

1

Please put the following in the correct installation order of a packing?

Brass ring
Two pressure ring
Latern ring
Header ring

1

What should the slurry flow rate be set at in order to fill up a 1 gallon bucket in 1 minute with a chemical setpoint of 1 gpt, when calibrated correctly?

1

Which of the following best describes the cause of a discharge hose sanding off?

1

What typically causes circular cracks to form around the threaded areas on the front face of fluid ends?

1

What part of operations could cause a drop in the inline such as in the plot below?

1

What does a high decay rate of a water hammer pressure pulse often indicate about a hydraulically fractured well?

1

What is the most likely cause of a washout occurring behind or underneath a valve seat?

1

Why would a gel fluid system typically have higher friction pressure than a non-gel system at the same flow rate?

1

What are the two main reasons companies choose to use produced water over freshwater for hydraulic fracturing? Choose the best answer

1

Why is it important to flush equipment that handles produced water?

1

When is ISIP typically measured during a hydraulic fracturing operation?

1

Why does shutting down pumps after hydraulic fracturing allow measurement of Instantaneous Shut-In Pressure (ISIP)?

1

What are the three main purposes of fracturing fluid during a hydraulic fracturing operation?

1

What are the three main categories of biocides used in hydraulic fracturing fluids?

1

What causes a pressure drop when there is formation breakdown?

1

How does acid breakdown differ from hydraulic formation breakdown?

1

What directly causes the pressure drop seen during acid breakdown?

1

What are the three main types of polymeric friction reducers used in hydraulic fracturing?

1

Which type of friction reducer typically performs better under high total dissolved solids (TDS) conditions in hydraulic fracturing operations?

1

Which of the following statements is true when compares anionic and cationic friction reducers?

1

What is the primary difference in size between nano surfactants and micro surfactants?

1

What effect do surfactants have on liquids when added?

1

Which of the following describes the impact of surfactants on fluid behavior?

1

What action is advised after maintaining the pumping rate for at least 5 minutes in a step-down test?

1

Which parameter is recommended to be plotted against the rate after the steps down to 0 bpm in step-down test?

1

In the context of a step-down test, what does a concave down friction pressure plot indicate about the friction pressure profile?

1

In the context of the step-down test, what type of friction is indicated when the friction pressure plot has upward concavity?

1

In the context of a step-down test, what information can be derived from analyzing the shape of a graph depicting friction pressure?

1

What is the primary objective of conducting a step-down test?

1

How does the step-down test contribute to understanding near-wellbore friction?

1

Which frictional type does the step-down test primarily aim to distinguish between?

1

How are pumping rates increased during a step-up test?

1

What is the fundamental procedure involved in a step-up test during wellbore operations?

1

How is each step managed in a step-up test scenario?

1

What is the key outcome sought after conducting a step-up test?

1

Why is it essential to hold each step until pressure equalizes during a step-up test?

1

What is the primary objective behind conducting step-up tests in hydraulic fracturing operations?

1

What can be found at the point where the slope decreases on the graph obtained from a step-up test?

1

At which stage of a step-up test is the fracture extension pressure observed on the graph?

1

What crucial event does the fracture extension pressure represent in hydraulic fracturing?

1

What is the initial step in conducting a minifrac test in hydraulic fracturing operations?

1

During a minifrac test, what action follows after reaching the designed rate with the frac fluid?

1

What purpose do the sand slugs serve during a minifrac test?

1

How does acid fracking differ from proppant fracking?

1

In acid fracking, what is the role of the acid in the formation?

1

What is the main objective of using acid etching in the acid fracking process?

1

What are the primary classifications of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing?

1

What distinguishes man-made ceramic/bauxite proppants from naturally occurring sands?

1

Why might engineers prefer ceramic or bauxite proppants in certain fracturing operations?

1

What drove the innovation and development of resin-coated proppants?

1

What is the primary purpose of the resin coatings applied to proppants?

1

How do resin-coated proppants typically perform in comparison to uncoated proppants under elevated confining stress?

1

Besides enhancing strength, what additional benefit do resin-coated proppants offer?

1

What problem does resin coating specifically address in sand proppants?

1

To increase the burning rate of sand in a screw conveyor, what should be done to the PPR (pounds per revolution)?

1

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between PPR and RPM in a screw conveyor?

1

What is the effect of reducing PPR when sand burning is required?

1

What is the primary purpose of decreasing/increasing PPR parameter?

1

What is the common SG (specific gravity) of frac proppant?

1

Which characteristic of proppant grain size is most relevant to fracture conductivity?

1

How does proppant grain size selection differ for tighter formations compared to more permeable formations?

1

What is the primary method for measuring and characterizing proppant grain size?

1

What is the primary reason why proppant bulk density is an important parameter in hydraulic fracturing?

1

Which factors typically influence the bulk density of proppant?

1

Why are smaller grained sands often pumped first in hydraulic fracturing?

1

Which property of smaller grained sands makes them more suitable for penetrating narrow fractures?

1

What does it mean to "ball out"?

1

How much time (hours) does it take to empty a full silo?
Assuming 75 mins cycle time, each stage calls for 120000 lbs of 100 mesh and 120000 lbs of 40/70, an average truck load is 47500 lbs and 8 loads per silo.

1

You are pumping 300,000 lbs stages (150,000 lbs 100 Mesh, 150,000 lbs of 40/70). Cycle time of 1.5 hours and silos both start at 98%.
Determine:
a. Silo percentage after 2 stages
b. Projected sand weight in each silo after 2 stages
c. Time duration to empty silos (hours)

1

What are the well-specific changes that need to be manually inputted after importing the .inp files? (Circle all that apply)

1

What is the general FIELDPRO setup workflow?

1

Which of the following eFieldPro dashboards AST field engineer use to check whether frac plots and chems & sand straps are uploaded correctly?

1

What is the key significance of having an updated Data 2 tab?

1

For jobs with Sand Kings, what additional tab needs to be filled out?

1

At the end of the job, on what documents should the total sand used be the same?

1

Describe the difference between slickwater and gel fracs.

1

When should you schedule ISO pickup?

1

Which of the following must be done when ending a job? Select all that applies?

1

According to engineering SOP, when should field engineers have the job folder uploaded to the AST's company drive?

1

Why is it important equalize the line before opening the well to frac?

1

Where is a check valve located on a frac pump? What is the purpose?

1

What are the potential consequences of a malfunctioning check valve on a frac pump?

1

How many pressure transducers can be found on the fluid end of a frac pump

1

How many gallons of FR is pumped on a substage that lasted 10 mins with a proppant concentration of 1.25 ppg, an average rate of 80 bpm, and an FR loading setpoint of 0.65 gpt?

Assuming a steady rate of 56 bpm, determine the loading setpoint of each chemical if the following volumes were pumped in 3.5 mins period.FR: 6.5 galSurf: 2.3 galClay Stabilizer: 0.9 gal

Find the chemical rates (gal/min) for the following substages assuming the slurry rate is constant at 80 bpm and chemical loading is 1.00 gal/1000.(1) West TX 100 mesh at 1.0 ppg(2) West TX 40/70 at 1.50 ppg

Determine the flowrates (gal/min) of the following chemicals with their respective loading setpoints, assuming the clean rate is constant at 65 bpmFR: 0.75 gptSurf: 0.5 gptScale: 0.15 gpt

A customer has 318 gal of FR on location for the 95 bpm (clean rate) stage design that is expected to last 1.2 hours. Assuming a perfect stage, what loading (gpt) would you recommend the customer to run the FR at to use all the FR?

What should the RPMs of each of the 3 screws be if we have a slurry rate of 110 bpm with a concentration of 2.00 ppg? Treater is running his PPRs at 28 lbs/rev.Assuming the 3 screws are set to be running at the same RPM.

What should the treater set his PPR at if the auger (assuming perfect shape) has a diameter of 7-in and a pitch of 12-in?

What is the maximum rate (bpm) that can be pumped if there are 3 iron lines going to the wellhead? ID of iron pipes is 3.97-in

We are setting up a job that has max rate of 105 bpm and max sand concentration of 2.00 ppg. There will be 2 blenders, how many discharge and suction hose will be needed. Assuming 2 extra hoses for each.

The HHP is estimated to be 15,000 hhp. The well has TVD of 4,000 ft and we are pumping freshwater on pad. The BHTP is estimated to be 8,000 psi. What is the rate (bpm)?

What # gel system would have if gel loading setpoint is 3.75 gpt?

What should the loading setpoint (gpt) be if the design calls for a 20# gel system?

We just staged up from 1.75 ppg to 2.00 ppg sand 30 seconds ago, the rate remains constant at 110 bpm. Assume we are using produced water with SG of 1.007, casing type is 17# J-55 (CCF: 0.0232). Find the hydrostatic pressure (psi) at TVD of 8000 ft.

When the treater cuts 2.00 ppg sand to go on flush, do you expect to see surface pressure (STP) increase or decrease initially?How much pressure change should you expect on flush if your TVD is 8500 ft? Assuming the change in BHTP is negligible.

Given the perforation interval [top, bottom] = [5600, 5800] ft, and ISIP = 2300 psi, what is the frac gradient? Use mid-perf for this calculation.

If you have a BHP of 8,982 psi, a TVD of 9,658 ft, and a frac gradient of 0.93. What is the ISIP (psi)?

Find flush volume needed to bottom perf (no overflush) if the first 8,290' is using #20 5.50" casing. Then from 8,290' to 12,677' the #21.60 4.50" casing is used. The bottom perforation for Stage 4 is 12,030'.

What is the bottom hole pressure if you are on 1.75 ppg and the pressure measured at the wellhead is currently at 8,788 psi? TVD of the well is 9,647 ft.

Given the following table, find stage proppant pumped during {West TX 100 mesh, 1.25 ppg} step.

Given the following figure, what is the friction pressure at 100 bpm in 4.5in casing with TVD of 6,147 ft?

If we order 8,000 gal of 35.21% HCl acid, and dilute it to 17%, how many gals of 17% HCl do we have?

If we need 10,000 gal of 15% HCl to finish the job, how many bbls of water do you need to order to dilute the needed amount of 35.21% HCl to make the solution?

What is the difference between Pressure A and Pressure B?

Which iron rating is needed for a job that calls for 10,500 psi max treating pressure?

What is the size of a standard plastic chemical tote?

What is the conversion factor used at AST for converting cu.ft to lbs capacity on our sand kings?

How do you get straps when using sand kings?

How many compartments do AST sand kings normally have?

There are 2 sand kings rigged up for a job, how do you label these best to communicate with the treater?

Briefly explain what the PPR is. Can the PPR be changed physically? Why do treater discuss changing PPR when he needs to adjust how to run sand?

What are the two engines on a frac blender? What are the main functions?

What equipment is used to measure sand concentration at the blender? Where is this equipment measuring the sand concentration at?

Why would the inline be lower than target at this point (at the Red arrow)?

When strapping chemical from a standard plastic tote, 1 inch is corresponding how many gallons?

What does it mean when a pump has lost its prime?

Which of the following best describes the process of cavitation?

Which one is the correct lubricant type for frac pump plunger at AST?

Please put the following in the correct installation order of a packing?

What should the slurry flow rate be set at in order to fill up a 1 gallon bucket in 1 minute with a chemical setpoint of 1 gpt, when calibrated correctly?

Which of the following best describes the cause of a discharge hose sanding off?

What typically causes circular cracks to form around the threaded areas on the front face of fluid ends?

What part of operations could cause a drop in the inline such as in the plot below?

What does a high decay rate of a water hammer pressure pulse often indicate about a hydraulically fractured well?

What is the most likely cause of a washout occurring behind or underneath a valve seat?

Why would a gel fluid system typically have higher friction pressure than a non-gel system at the same flow rate?

What are the two main reasons companies choose to use produced water over freshwater for hydraulic fracturing? Choose the best answer

Why is it important to flush equipment that handles produced water?

When is ISIP typically measured during a hydraulic fracturing operation?

Why does shutting down pumps after hydraulic fracturing allow measurement of Instantaneous Shut-In Pressure (ISIP)?

What are the three main purposes of fracturing fluid during a hydraulic fracturing operation?

What are the three main categories of biocides used in hydraulic fracturing fluids?

What causes a pressure drop when there is formation breakdown?

How does acid breakdown differ from hydraulic formation breakdown?

What directly causes the pressure drop seen during acid breakdown?

What are the three main types of polymeric friction reducers used in hydraulic fracturing?

Which type of friction reducer typically performs better under high total dissolved solids (TDS) conditions in hydraulic fracturing operations?

Which of the following statements is true when compares anionic and cationic friction reducers?

What is the primary difference in size between nano surfactants and micro surfactants?

What effect do surfactants have on liquids when added?

Which of the following describes the impact of surfactants on fluid behavior?

What action is advised after maintaining the pumping rate for at least 5 minutes in a step-down test?

Which parameter is recommended to be plotted against the rate after the steps down to 0 bpm in step-down test?

In the context of a step-down test, what does a concave down friction pressure plot indicate about the friction pressure profile?

In the context of the step-down test, what type of friction is indicated when the friction pressure plot has upward concavity?

In the context of a step-down test, what information can be derived from analyzing the shape of a graph depicting friction pressure?

What is the primary objective of conducting a step-down test?

How does the step-down test contribute to understanding near-wellbore friction?

Which frictional type does the step-down test primarily aim to distinguish between?

How are pumping rates increased during a step-up test?

What is the fundamental procedure involved in a step-up test during wellbore operations?

How is each step managed in a step-up test scenario?

What is the key outcome sought after conducting a step-up test?

Why is it essential to hold each step until pressure equalizes during a step-up test?

What is the primary objective behind conducting step-up tests in hydraulic fracturing operations?

What can be found at the point where the slope decreases on the graph obtained from a step-up test?

At which stage of a step-up test is the fracture extension pressure observed on the graph?

What crucial event does the fracture extension pressure represent in hydraulic fracturing?

What is the initial step in conducting a minifrac test in hydraulic fracturing operations?

During a minifrac test, what action follows after reaching the designed rate with the frac fluid?

Assuming a steady rate of 56 bpm, determine the loading setpoint of each chemical if the following volumes were pumped in 3.5 mins period.
FR: 6.5 gal
Surf: 2.3 gal
Clay Stabilizer: 0.9 gal

Find the chemical rates (gal/min) for the following substages assuming the slurry rate is constant at 80 bpm and chemical loading is 1.00 gal/1000.
(1) West TX 100 mesh at 1.0 ppg
(2) West TX 40/70 at 1.50 ppg

Determine the flowrates (gal/min) of the following chemicals with their respective loading setpoints, assuming the clean rate is constant at 65 bpm
FR: 0.75 gpt
Surf: 0.5 gpt
Scale: 0.15 gpt

What should the RPMs of each of the 3 screws be if we have a slurry rate of 110 bpm with a concentration of 2.00 ppg? Treater is running his PPRs at 28 lbs/rev.
Assuming the 3 screws are set to be running at the same RPM.

When the treater cuts 2.00 ppg sand to go on flush, do you expect to see surface pressure (STP) increase or decrease initially?
How much pressure change should you expect on flush if your TVD is 8500 ft?
Assuming the change in BHTP is negligible.

Find flush volume needed to bottom perf (no overflush) if the first 8,290' is using #20 5.50" casing. Then from 8,290' to 12,677' the #21.60 4.50" casing is used.
The bottom perforation for Stage 4 is 12,030'.

Briefly explain what the PPR is.
Can the PPR be changed physically?
Why do treater discuss changing PPR when he needs to adjust how to run sand?

How much time (hours) does it take to empty a full silo?
Assuming 75 mins cycle time, each stage calls for 120000 lbs of 100 mesh and 120000 lbs of 40/70, an average truck load is 47500 lbs and 8 loads per silo.

You are pumping 300,000 lbs stages (150,000 lbs 100 Mesh, 150,000 lbs of 40/70). Cycle time of 1.5 hours and silos both start at 98%.
Determine:
a. Silo percentage after 2 stages
b. Projected sand weight in each silo after 2 stages
c. Time duration to empty silos (hours)