AST Frac Level 2

Last updated almost 2 years ago

121 questions

Instructions

1

Library

AST Frac Level 2

Last updated almost 2 years ago

121 questions

Instructions

Please round numeric answers to the nearest 2 decimal place.

1

How many gallons of FR is pumped on a substage that lasted 10 mins with a proppant concentration of 1.25 ppg, an average rate of 80 bpm, and an FR loading setpoint of 0.65 gpt?

1

A customer has 318 gal of FR on location for the 95 bpm (clean rate) stage design that is expected to last 1.2 hours. Assuming a perfect stage, what loading (gpt) would you recommend the customer to run the FR at to use all the FR?

1

What should the RPMs of each of the 3 screws be if we have a slurry rate of 110 bpm with a concentration of 2.00 ppg? Treater is running his PPRs at 28 lbs/rev.
Assuming the 3 screws are set to be running at the same RPM.

1

What should the treater set his PPR at if the auger (assuming perfect shape) has a diameter of 7-in and a pitch of 12-in?

1

What is the maximum rate (bpm) that can be pumped if there are 3 iron lines going to the wellhead? ID of iron pipes is 3.97-in

1

What # gel system would have if gel loading setpoint is 3.75 gpt?

1

What should the loading setpoint (gpt) be if the design calls for a 20# gel system?

1

We just staged up from 1.75 ppg to 2.00 ppg sand 30 seconds ago, the rate remains constant at 110 bpm. Assume we are using produced water with SG of 1.007, casing type is 17# J-55 (CCF: 0.0232). Find the hydrostatic pressure (psi) at TVD of 8000 ft.

1

If you have a BHP of 8,982 psi, a TVD of 9,658 ft, and a frac gradient of 0.93. What is the ISIP (psi)?

1

Find flush volume needed to bottom perf (no overflush) if the first 8,290' is using #20 5.50" casing. Then from 8,290' to 12,677' the #21.60 4.50" casing is used.
The bottom perforation for Stage 4 is 12,030'.

1

If we order 8,000 gal of 35.21% HCl acid, and dilute it to 17%, how many gals of 17% HCl do we have?

1

What is the size of a standard plastic chemical tote?

1

Briefly explain what the PPR is.
Can the PPR be changed physically?
Why do treater discuss changing PPR when he needs to adjust how to run sand?

1

What are the two engines on a frac blender? What are the main functions?

1

What equipment is used to measure sand concentration at the blender? Where is this equipment measuring the sand concentration at?

1

What is the common SG (specific gravity) of frac proppant?

1

How much time (hours) does it take to empty a full silo?
Assuming 75 mins cycle time, each stage calls for 120000 lbs of 100 mesh and 120000 lbs of 40/70, an average truck load is 47500 lbs and 8 loads per silo.

1

You are pumping 300,000 lbs stages (150,000 lbs 100 Mesh, 150,000 lbs of 40/70). Cycle time of 1.5 hours and silos both start at 98%.
Determine:
a. Silo percentage after 2 stages
b. Projected sand weight in each silo after 2 stages
c. Time duration to empty silos (hours)

1

Describe the difference between slickwater and gel fracs.

1

Why is it important equalize the line before opening the well to frac?

1

How many pressure transducers can be found on the fluid end of a frac pump

1

Please round numeric answers to the nearest 2 decimal place.

How many gallons of FR is pumped on a substage that lasted 10 mins with a proppant concentration of 1.25 ppg, an average rate of 80 bpm, and an FR loading setpoint of 0.65 gpt?

Assuming a steady rate of 56 bpm, determine the loading setpoint of each chemical if the following volumes were pumped in 3.5 mins period.
FR: 6.5 gal
Surf: 2.3 gal
Clay Stabilizer: 0.9 gal

FR: 0.79 gpt, Surf: 0.28 gpt, Clay: 0.12 gpt

FR: 0.79 gpt, Surf: 0.28 gpt, Clay: 0.11 gpt

FR: 0.79 gpt, Surf: 0.28 gpt, Clay: 0.14 gpt

FR: 0.79 gpt, Surf: 0.11 gpt, Clay: 0.28 gpt

Find the chemical rates (gal/min) for the following substages assuming the slurry rate is constant at 80 bpm and chemical loading is 1.00 gal/1000.
(1) West TX 100 mesh at 1.0 ppg
(2) West TX 40/70 at 1.50 ppg

(1) 3.15, and (2) 3.21

(1) 3.11, and (2) 3.21

(1) 3.25, and (2) 3.10

(1) 3.21, and (2) 3.15

Determine the flowrates (gal/min) of the following chemicals with their respective loading setpoints, assuming the clean rate is constant at 65 bpm
FR: 0.75 gpt
Surf: 0.5 gpt
Scale: 0.15 gpt

FR: 2.50, Surf: 1.50, Scale: 0.50

FR: 2.05, Surf: 1.37, Scale: 0.50

FR: 2.05, Surf: 1.37, Scale: 0.41

FR: 2.10, Surf: 1.37, Scale: 0.41

A customer has 318 gal of FR on location for the 95 bpm (clean rate) stage design that is expected to last 1.2 hours. Assuming a perfect stage, what loading (gpt) would you recommend the customer to run the FR at to use all the FR?

What should the RPMs of each of the 3 screws be if we have a slurry rate of 110 bpm with a concentration of 2.00 ppg? Treater is running his PPRs at 28 lbs/rev.
Assuming the 3 screws are set to be running at the same RPM.

What should the treater set his PPR at if the auger (assuming perfect shape) has a diameter of 7-in and a pitch of 12-in?

What is the maximum rate (bpm) that can be pumped if there are 3 iron lines going to the wellhead? ID of iron pipes is 3.97-in

We are setting up a job that has max rate of 105 bpm and max sand concentration of 2.00 ppg. There will be 2 blenders, how many discharge and suction hose will be needed. Assuming 2 extra hoses for each.

10 suction hoses, and 11 discharge hoses

12 suctions hoses, and 13 discharge hoses

11 suction hoses, and 12 discharge hoses

13 suction hoses, and 13 discharge hoses

The HHP is estimated to be 15,000 hhp. The well has TVD of 4,000 ft and we are pumping freshwater on pad. The BHTP is estimated to be 8,000 psi. What is the rate (bpm)?

97.6 bpm

62.9 bpm

100.1 bpm

76.5 bpm

What # gel system would have if gel loading setpoint is 3.75 gpt?

What should the loading setpoint (gpt) be if the design calls for a 20# gel system?

We just staged up from 1.75 ppg to 2.00 ppg sand 30 seconds ago, the rate remains constant at 110 bpm. Assume we are using produced water with SG of 1.007, casing type is 17# J-55 (CCF: 0.0232). Find the hydrostatic pressure (psi) at TVD of 8000 ft.

When the treater cuts 2.00 ppg sand to go on flush, do you expect to see surface pressure (STP) increase or decrease initially?
How much pressure change should you expect on flush if your TVD is 8500 ft?
Assuming the change in BHTP is negligible.

Decrease by 504.69 psi

Decrease by 569.40 psi

Increase by 540.69 psi

Increase by 504.69 psi

Given the perforation interval [top, bottom] = [5600, 5800] ft, and ISIP = 2300 psi, what is the frac gradient? Use mid-perf for this calculation.

0.911

0.776

0.807

0.837

If you have a BHP of 8,982 psi, a TVD of 9,658 ft, and a frac gradient of 0.93. What is the ISIP (psi)?

Find flush volume needed to bottom perf (no overflush) if the first 8,290' is using #20 5.50" casing. Then from 8,290' to 12,677' the #21.60 4.50" casing is used.
The bottom perforation for Stage 4 is 12,030'.

What is the bottom hole pressure if you are on 1.75 ppg and the pressure measured at the wellhead is currently at 8,788 psi? TVD of the well is 9,647 ft.

12,669.69 psi

13,473.15 psi

13,444.11 psi

12,966.69 psi

Given the following table, find stage proppant pumped during {West TX 100 mesh, 1.25 ppg} step.

863.60 lbs

32,672.12 lbs

36,271.10 lbs

836.61 lbs

Given the following figure, what is the friction pressure at 100 bpm in 4.5in casing with TVD of 6,147 ft?

3,073.5 psi

3,688.20 psi

2,458.8 psi

3,022.5 psi

If we order 8,000 gal of 35.21% HCl acid, and dilute it to 17%, how many gals of 17% HCl do we have?

If we need 10,000 gal of 15% HCl to finish the job, how many bbls of water do you need to order to dilute the needed amount of 35.21% HCl to make the solution?

145.60 gal

145.60 bbl

6,115.30 gal

6,115.30 bbl

What is the difference between Pressure A and Pressure B?

Pressure A is on the pump side and Pressure B is on the well side. The two sides are separated by the main check valve.

Pressure A is on the well side and Pressure B is on the pump side. The two sides are separated by the main check valve.

Pressure A and Pressure B are always the same, just 2 points of measurement.

Pressure A in at the discharge of a blender and Pressure B is at the discharge side of the missile.

Which iron rating is needed for a job that calls for 10,500 psi max treating pressure?

1302 frac iron

1002 frac iron

1202 frac iron

1502 frac iron

What is the size of a standard plastic chemical tote?

What is the conversion factor used at AST for converting cu.ft to lbs capacity on our sand kings?

99 lbs/cuft

120 lbs/cuft

150 lbs/cuft

141 lbs/cuft

How do you get straps when using sand kings?

Reading from a weight gauge on top of each compartment

From the treater sand computer

From Solaris Lens

Estimated based on the level comparative to the steps

How many compartments do AST sand kings normally have?

6 to 7 compartments

4 to 5 compartments

5 to 6 compartments

3 to 4 comparments

There are 2 sand kings rigged up for a job, how do you label these best to communicate with the treater?

Front Side and Back Side

Pump Side and Tank Side

By their asset number

Pump Side and Middle

Briefly explain what the PPR is.
Can the PPR be changed physically?
Why do treater discuss changing PPR when he needs to adjust how to run sand?

What are the two engines on a frac blender? What are the main functions?

What equipment is used to measure sand concentration at the blender? Where is this equipment measuring the sand concentration at?

Why would the inline be lower than target at this point (at the Red arrow)?

Sand haulers are offloading in the silo

Sand hopper went empty

Screw RPMs are too low

Pumps cannot keep up

When strapping chemical from a standard plastic tote, 1 inch is corresponding how many gallons?

8.0 gals

6.5 gals

7.5 gals

7.0 gals

What does it mean when a pump has lost its prime?

No sand was pumped through the pump

Pump has been stopped suddenly

Pump has lost its top performance

Air has been introduced into the system

Which of the following best describes the process of cavitation?

Pressure fluctuations allowing voids to form and suddenly collapse in a liquid.

The formation of air bubbles in a liquid due to agitation.

Contaminants obstructing fluid flow and creating turbulence.

Cracks propagating through a solid material due to vibrations.

Which one is the correct lubricant type for frac pump plunger at AST?

Red Diesel

Red/Green tacky grease

0W-20 oil

75W-90 oil

Please put the following in the correct installation order of a packing?

Brass ring
Header ring
Two pressure ring
Latern ring

What should the slurry flow rate be set at in order to fill up a 1 gallon bucket in 1 minute with a chemical setpoint of 1 gpt, when calibrated correctly?

Which of the following best describes the cause of a discharge hose sanding off?

When there is not enough fluid volume

When particles of sand fuse into a solid under high pressure and heat

When the sand concentration is too low

When the sand to fluid ratio passing through the discharge hose is too high

What typically causes circular cracks to form around the threaded areas on the front face of fluid ends?

Inadequate filtration leading to erosion

Improper materials that fail under pressure

Over-torquing of pumps during maintenance

Loose suction cover nuts allowing pressure spikes

What part of operations could cause a drop in the inline such as in the plot below?

What is the common SG (specific gravity) of frac proppant?

How much time (hours) does it take to empty a full silo?
Assuming 75 mins cycle time, each stage calls for 120000 lbs of 100 mesh and 120000 lbs of 40/70, an average truck load is 47500 lbs and 8 loads per silo.

You are pumping 300,000 lbs stages (150,000 lbs 100 Mesh, 150,000 lbs of 40/70). Cycle time of 1.5 hours and silos both start at 98%.
Determine:
a. Silo percentage after 2 stages
b. Projected sand weight in each silo after 2 stages
c. Time duration to empty silos (hours)

Describe the difference between slickwater and gel fracs.

Why is it important equalize the line before opening the well to frac?

How many pressure transducers can be found on the fluid end of a frac pump

Assuming a steady rate of 56 bpm, determine the loading setpoint of each chemical if the following volumes were pumped in 3.5 mins period.
FR: 6.5 gal
Surf: 2.3 gal
Clay Stabilizer: 0.9 gal

FR: 0.79 gpt, Surf: 0.28 gpt, Clay: 0.12 gpt

FR: 0.79 gpt, Surf: 0.28 gpt, Clay: 0.11 gpt

FR: 0.79 gpt, Surf: 0.28 gpt, Clay: 0.14 gpt

FR: 0.79 gpt, Surf: 0.11 gpt, Clay: 0.28 gpt

Find the chemical rates (gal/min) for the following substages assuming the slurry rate is constant at 80 bpm and chemical loading is 1.00 gal/1000.
(1) West TX 100 mesh at 1.0 ppg
(2) West TX 40/70 at 1.50 ppg

(1) 3.15, and (2) 3.21

(1) 3.11, and (2) 3.21

(1) 3.25, and (2) 3.10

(1) 3.21, and (2) 3.15

Determine the flowrates (gal/min) of the following chemicals with their respective loading setpoints, assuming the clean rate is constant at 65 bpm
FR: 0.75 gpt
Surf: 0.5 gpt
Scale: 0.15 gpt

FR: 2.50, Surf: 1.50, Scale: 0.50

FR: 2.05, Surf: 1.37, Scale: 0.50

FR: 2.05, Surf: 1.37, Scale: 0.41

FR: 2.10, Surf: 1.37, Scale: 0.41

We are setting up a job that has max rate of 105 bpm and max sand concentration of 2.00 ppg. There will be 2 blenders, how many discharge and suction hose will be needed. Assuming 2 extra hoses for each.

10 suction hoses, and 11 discharge hoses

12 suctions hoses, and 13 discharge hoses

11 suction hoses, and 12 discharge hoses

13 suction hoses, and 13 discharge hoses

The HHP is estimated to be 15,000 hhp. The well has TVD of 4,000 ft and we are pumping freshwater on pad. The BHTP is estimated to be 8,000 psi. What is the rate (bpm)?

97.6 bpm

62.9 bpm

100.1 bpm

76.5 bpm

When the treater cuts 2.00 ppg sand to go on flush, do you expect to see surface pressure (STP) increase or decrease initially?
How much pressure change should you expect on flush if your TVD is 8500 ft? 
Assuming the change in BHTP is negligible.

Decrease by 504.69 psi

Decrease by 569.40 psi

Increase by 540.69 psi

Increase by 504.69 psi

Given the perforation interval [top, bottom] = [5600, 5800] ft, and ISIP = 2300 psi, what is the frac gradient? Use mid-perf for this calculation.

0.911

0.776

0.807

0.837

What is the bottom hole pressure if you are on 1.75 ppg and the pressure measured at the wellhead is currently at 8,788 psi? TVD of the well is 9,647 ft.

12,669.69 psi

13,473.15 psi

13,444.11 psi

12,966.69 psi

Given the following table, find stage proppant pumped during {West TX 100 mesh, 1.25 ppg} step.

863.60 lbs

32,672.12 lbs

36,271.10 lbs

836.61 lbs

Given the following figure, what is the friction pressure at 100 bpm in 4.5in casing with TVD of 6,147 ft?

3,073.5 psi

3,688.20 psi

2,458.8 psi

3,022.5 psi

If we need 10,000 gal of 15% HCl to finish the job, how many bbls of water do you need to order to dilute the needed amount of 35.21% HCl to make the solution?

145.60 gal

145.60 bbl

6,115.30 gal

6,115.30 bbl

What is the difference between Pressure A and Pressure B?

Pressure A is on the pump side and Pressure B is on the well side. The two sides are separated by the main check valve.

Pressure A is on the well side and Pressure B is on the pump side. The two sides are separated by the main check valve.

Pressure A and Pressure B are always the same, just 2 points of measurement.

Pressure A in at the discharge of a blender and Pressure B is at the discharge side of the missile.

Which iron rating is needed for a job that calls for 10,500 psi max treating pressure?

1302 frac iron

1002 frac iron

1202 frac iron

1502 frac iron

What is the conversion factor used at AST for converting cu.ft to lbs capacity on our sand kings?

99 lbs/cuft

120 lbs/cuft

150 lbs/cuft

141 lbs/cuft

How do you get straps when using sand kings?

Reading from a weight gauge on top of each compartment

From the treater sand computer

From Solaris Lens

Estimated based on the level comparative to the steps

How many compartments do AST sand kings normally have?

6 to 7 compartments

4 to 5 compartments

5 to 6 compartments

3 to 4 comparments

There are 2 sand kings rigged up for a job, how do you label these best to communicate with the treater?

Front Side and Back Side

Pump Side and Tank Side

By their asset number

Pump Side and Middle

Why would the inline be lower than target at this point (at the Red arrow)?

Sand haulers are offloading in the silo

Sand hopper went empty

Screw RPMs are too low

Pumps cannot keep up

When strapping chemical from a standard plastic tote, 1 inch is corresponding how many gallons?

8.0 gals

6.5 gals

7.5 gals

7.0 gals

What does it mean when a pump has lost its prime?

No sand was pumped through the pump

Pump has been stopped suddenly

Pump has lost its top performance

Air has been introduced into the system

Which of the following best describes the process of cavitation?

Pressure fluctuations allowing voids to form and suddenly collapse in a liquid.

The formation of air bubbles in a liquid due to agitation.

Contaminants obstructing fluid flow and creating turbulence.

Cracks propagating through a solid material due to vibrations.

Which one is the correct lubricant type for frac pump plunger at AST?

Red Diesel

Red/Green tacky grease

0W-20 oil

75W-90 oil

Please put the following in the correct installation order of a packing?

Brass ring

Header ring

Two pressure ring

Latern ring

What should the slurry flow rate be set at in order to fill up a 1 gallon bucket in 1 minute with a chemical setpoint of 1 gpt, when calibrated correctly?

23.8 bpm

This is not the correct process for a bucket test

10.0 bpm

100.1 bpm

24.0 bpm

Which of the following best describes the cause of a discharge hose sanding off?

When there is not enough fluid volume

When particles of sand fuse into a solid under high pressure and heat

When the sand concentration is too low

When the sand to fluid ratio passing through the discharge hose is too high

What typically causes circular cracks to form around the threaded areas on the front face of fluid ends?

Inadequate filtration leading to erosion

Improper materials that fail under pressure

Over-torquing of pumps during maintenance

Loose suction cover nuts allowing pressure spikes

What part of operations could cause a drop in the inline such as in the plot below?

Sand hopper went empty

Iron failure

Formation is full and unable to hold more sand   

Wireline perforating

Leak on wellhead

Pump failure

What does a high decay rate of a water hammer pressure pulse often indicate about a hydraulically fractured well?

High H2S levels in formation

Lower friction in the wellbore

More near-wellbore fracture surface area

Poor well productivity

Longer fracture length

High volume of oil in place

What is the most likely cause of a washout occurring behind or underneath a valve seat?

Improper valve installation

Inadequate valve closure force

A worn or cracked valve seat

Bad friction reducer 

Using incompatible fluids

Why would a gel fluid system typically have higher friction pressure than a non-gel system at the same flow rate?

Improved lubricity

Lower pump discharge pressure

Increased fluid velocity

Increased perf length

Increased fluid viscosity

Faster flow velocity

What are the two main reasons companies choose to use produced water over freshwater for hydraulic fracturing? Choose the best answer

Freshwater is too acidic

Better fracture performance and simpler storage

Water scarcity and lower cost

Reduced environmental impact and enhanced productivity

Why is it important to flush equipment that handles produced water?

To comply with environmental regulations

To prevent cross contamination

To remove residue and make equipment safer to handle

To improve equipment performance

When is ISIP typically measured during a hydraulic fracturing operation?

Immediately after pumps are shut down

When pumps are at maximum rate

Before pumping starts

After the well begins production

Why does shutting down pumps after hydraulic fracturing allow measurement of Instantaneous Shut-In Pressure (ISIP)?

The wellbore pressure increases gradually

Closure stress pushes apart fracture walls

Fluid continues to flow into the fractures

The fractures closes rapidly trapping fluid pressure

What are the three main purposes of fracturing fluid during a hydraulic fracturing operation?

Generate porosity, improve conductivity, and prevent closure

Initiate cracks, carry proppant, and block fluid flow

Open fractures, move proppant, and contain proppant

Create fractures, transport proppant, and place proppant

What are the three main categories of biocides used in hydraulic fracturing fluids?

Solvents, olefins, and esters

Oxidizers, non-oxidizers, and thiols

Acids, alkalis, and surfactants

Alcohols, ethers, and organic salts

What causes a pressure drop when there is formation breakdown?

Chemical reaction with acid

Hydration of fracture fluids

Establishing fracture network

Sudden influx of sand

How does acid breakdown differ from hydraulic formation breakdown?

Acid breakdown requires more pressure

Acid breakdown is chemical, formation breakdown is physical

Acid breakdown is faster, formation breakdown is slower

Acid breakdown is physical, formation breakdown is chemical

What directly causes the pressure drop seen during acid breakdown?

Thermal cracking due to temperature change

Forcing open natural fractures

Acid reaction with the rock formation

Dissolving of mineral cements

What are the three main types of polymeric friction reducers used in hydraulic fracturing?

Polyacrylamide-based, polyacrylate-based, and combination

Cellulose, starch, and guar-based

Protein, latex, and polyglycol-based

Polyacrylate, polyamide, and surfactant-based

Which type of friction reducer typically performs better under high total dissolved solids (TDS) conditions in hydraulic fracturing operations?

Amphoteric

Cationic

Anionic

Non-ionic

Which of the following statements is true when compares anionic and cationic friction reducers?

Anionic has negative charge, cationic has positive charge

Cationic is more toxic than anionic

All of the above

Anionic works better in high TDS, cationic works better in low TDS

What is the primary difference in size between nano surfactants and micro surfactants?

Nano surfactants are larger in size; micro surfactants are smaller

Nano surfactants are under 100 nm; micro are between 100 nm and 1 mm

Nano surfactants range from 1-10 microns; micro range 10-100 microns

There is no major size difference between nano and micro surfactants

What effect do surfactants have on liquids when added?

Solidify the liquid

Increase surface tension

Decrease spreading and wetting properties

Reduce surface tension, increasing spreading and wetting properties

Which of the following describes the impact of surfactants on fluid behavior?

Decreases fluidity

Constricts fluid movement

Improves fluid flow and movement

Increases viscosity

What action is advised after maintaining the pumping rate for at least 5 minutes in a step-down test?

Suspend pumping immediately

Make rapid, equal steps up to maximum bpm

Make rapid, equal steps down to 0 bpm

Increase the pumping rate gradually

Which parameter is recommended to be plotted against the rate after the steps down to 0 bpm in step-down test?

Bottomhole pressure (BHP)

Pumping pressure

Fracture width

Fluid viscosity

In the context of a step-down test, what does a concave down friction pressure plot indicate about the friction pressure profile?

High tortuosity friction pressure

High perforation friction pressure

Normal friction pressure response

Invalid friction pressure measurement

In the context of the step-down test, what type of friction is indicated when the friction pressure plot has upward concavity?

Perforation friction

Annular friction

Pipe friction

Tortuosity friction

In the context of a step-down test, what information can be derived from analyzing the shape of a graph depicting friction pressure?

Type of fluid flow

Fluid temperature

Frictional losses within the system

Fluid viscosity

What is the primary objective of conducting a step-down test?

To analyze casing integrity

To differentiate between near-wellbore friction types

To determine reservoir temperature

To measure well depth

How does the step-down test contribute to understanding near-wellbore friction?

By evaluating frictional losses in the perforations

By observing pressure responses to varying rates

By assessing downhole pressure

By determining fluid viscosity

Which frictional type does the step-down test primarily aim to distinguish between?

Casing friction

Reservoir friction

Perforation-dominated and tortuosity-dominated near-wellbore friction

External friction

How are pumping rates increased during a step-up test?

Rates are ramped up rapidly

Large increments with no holds

Small increments with short holds

Rates are stepped up gradually and held to stabilize

What is the fundamental procedure involved in a step-up test during wellbore operations?

Halting all fluid flow abruptly

Maintaining a constant rate throughout

Gradually increasing the rate in steps

Gradually decreasing the rate in steps

How is each step managed in a step-up test scenario?

By minimizing the flow rate immediately

By reducing the pump pressure

By holding the step until pressure equalizes

By increasing the flow rate continuously

What is the key outcome sought after conducting a step-up test?

Graphing temperature against time

Determining fluid viscosity

Plotting pressure versus depth

Evaluating bottom hole pressure against rate

Why is it essential to hold each step until pressure equalizes during a step-up test?

To avoid variations in fluid density

To accurately measure pressure responses at each rate level

To ensure a constant temperature profile

To minimize wellbore stability issues

What is the primary objective behind conducting step-up tests in hydraulic fracturing operations?

To determine fracture geometry

To measure fluid viscosity changes

To identify casing integrity issues

To estimate reservoir temperature

What can be found at the point where the slope decreases on the graph obtained from a step-up test?

Fracture initiation pressure

Fracture closure pressure

Fracture extension pressure

Fracture propagation rate

At which stage of a step-up test is the fracture extension pressure observed on the graph?

When the slope remains constant

When the slope becomes steeper

When the slope gradually decreases

When the slope increases abruptly

What crucial event does the fracture extension pressure represent in hydraulic fracturing?

The moment fluid viscosity decreases

The commencement of fracture closure

The point where the fracture starts to open

The transition to maximum pumping rate

What is the initial step in conducting a minifrac test in hydraulic fracturing operations?

Installing downhole sensors

Introducing proppant into the well

Bringing the planned frac fluid up to the designed rate

Shutting down the well

During a minifrac test, what action follows after reaching the designed rate with the frac fluid?

Dropping sand slugs periodically

Introducing chemical additives

Halting the fluid injection

Injecting gas into the well

What purpose do the sand slugs serve during a minifrac test?

To evaluate fracture behavior and conductivity

To measure well depth

To monitor fluid viscosity changes

To assess reservoir temperature

How does acid fracking differ from proppant fracking?

Acid fracking relies on chemical treatment instead of mechanical proppant placement

Acid fracking utilizes a different well completion process

Acid fracking involves deeper drilling depths

Acid fracking uses a different drilling technique

In acid fracking, what is the role of the acid in the formation?

To dissolve the reservoir rock

To increase wellbore temperature

To reduce permeability

To enhance fluid viscosity

What is the main objective of using acid etching in the acid fracking process?

To increase the depth of the well

To improve gas flow rates

To reduce reservoir pressure

To create and enhance fracture conductivity

What are the primary classifications of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing?

Four categories: quartz, plastic, metal, and glass

Three categories: sands, ceramics, and metals

Two categories: naturally occurring sands and man-made ceramic/bauxite proppants

Two categories: natural sands and synthetic polymers

What distinguishes man-made ceramic/bauxite proppants from naturally occurring sands?

Higher cost and lower conductivity

Limited availability and lower fluid flow properties

Greater availability and lower crush resistance

Enhanced durability and higher crush resistance

Why might engineers prefer ceramic or bauxite proppants in certain fracturing operations?

Higher cost but better flowback properties

Lower cost and increased malleability

Reduced durability but increased flow conductivity

Enhanced strength and higher temperature resistance

What drove the innovation and development of resin-coated proppants?

Environmental concerns regarding sand mining

The need for cheaper alternatives to ceramic proppants

Brittle failure of sand proppants

Increased availability of resin materials

What is the primary purpose of the resin coatings applied to proppants?

To enhance fluid compatibility

To reduce proppant conductivity

To increase weight for deeper fracturing

To improve grain strength and durability

How do resin-coated proppants typically perform in comparison to uncoated proppants under elevated confining stress?

Resin-coated proppants have lower conductivity

Resin-coated proppants have reduced crush resistance

Resin-coated proppants maintain similar conductivity to uncoated proppants

Resin-coated proppants exhibit higher conductivity

Besides enhancing strength, what additional benefit do resin-coated proppants offer?

Enhanced flowback properties

Increased wellhead pressure

Reduced proppant embedment

Improved fluid viscosity

What problem does resin coating specifically address in sand proppants?

Mitigating their brittleness and failure tendencies

Overcoming their buoyancy in high-pressure environments

Preventing proppant embedment in the formation

Decreasing their overall weight

To increase the burning rate of sand in a screw conveyor, what should be done to the PPR (pounds per revolution)?

Decrease the PPR

Keep the PPR constant

Increase the PPR

Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between PPR and RPM in a screw conveyor?

As PPR decreases, RPM increases

As PPR increases, RPM increase

PPR and RPM has no relationship

What is the effect of reducing PPR when sand burning is required?

Increase in screw RPMs

Decrease in overall system efficiency

Decrease in screw RPMs

Decrease in sand burn rate

What is the primary purpose of decreasing/increasing PPR parameter?

To regulate the rate of sand burning

To decrease/increase sand production

To decrease/increase sand particle sizes

To control system pressure

Which characteristic of proppant grain size is most relevant to fracture conductivity?

The average grain size of the proppant

The uniformity of grain shape and size

The median diameter of the proppant grains

The range of grain sizes within the proppant

How does proppant grain size selection differ for tighter formations compared to more permeable formations?

More permeable formations require smaller grain sizes to prevent proppant flowback.

More permeable formations require larger grain sizes to provide higher flow rates.

Tighter formations require smaller grain sizes to maintain fracture width effectively.

Tighter formations require larger grain sizes to prevent excessive proppant embedment.

What is the primary method for measuring and characterizing proppant grain size?

Visual inspection using a microscope

Surface area analysis using gas adsorption techniques

Sieve analysis to separate grains based on size

X-ray diffraction to determine crystal structure

What is the primary reason why proppant bulk density is an important parameter in hydraulic fracturing?

It influences the proppant's flowability and transport characteristics during fracturing.

It reflects the proppant's resistance to crushing and degradation over time.

It indicates the proppant's ability to withstand high stresses and temperatures.

It determines the amount of proppant required to fill a fracture effectively.

Which factors typically influence the bulk density of proppant?

Proppant grain size and shape distribution

Porosity and void space within the proppant particles

Density of the material from which the proppant is made

All of the above

Why are smaller grained sands often pumped first in hydraulic fracturing?

To penetrate into the further, more narrow fractures before they are blocked by larger grain sands

To minimize the risk of proppant flowback and production impairment

To reduce the pumping pressure and energy consumption during fracturing

To create a more uniform proppant pack and enhance fracture conductivity

Which property of smaller grained sands makes them more suitable for penetrating narrow fractures?

Their smaller size allows them to pass through tighter openings without getting stuck

Their lower density reduces the settling rate and improves proppant transport

Their higher bulk density allows them to pack more tightly, increasing fracture conductivity

Their rougher surface provides better grip on the fracture walls, enhancing fracture stability

What does it mean to "ball out"?

Score a triple double in the NBA

Drop too many diverting balls at once

Run out of diverting balls

All the perforations to be plugged

What are the well-specific changes that need to be manually inputted after importing the .inp files? (Circle all that apply)

Channel Inputs for Model

Generate ASCII Data

Casing Dimension Information

Perforation Schedule

Fluid Recipes

Report Manager Template

What is the general FIELDPRO setup workflow?

Download files from Resnet > Import INP Files in Field Pro > Email Scott Doyle for confirmation > Create Job Folder > Create Project  > Finish Import

Download files from Resnet > Import INP files in FieldPro > Create Project > Create Project Folder > Finish Import

Download Files from S: > Import INP files in FieldPro > Create Project Folder > Rename Project Folder > Finish Import

Download files from Resnet > Import INP files in FieldPro > Create Job Folder > Create Project > Finish Import

Download files from S: > Import INP files in FieldPro > Create Project Folder > Create Project > Finish Import

Which of the following eFieldPro dashboards AST field engineer use to check whether frac plots and chems & sand straps are uploaded correctly?

Real Time Stream (Active)

Zoom-color by well

AST Shift Change Overview

Multi Stage View

What is the key significance of having an updated Data 2 tab?

To ensure Excel macros run correctly

To ensure ClicData refects the most accurate metrics

All of the above.

So the Field Ticket has the most up to date costs

In case Data 1 tab becomes corrupted

For jobs with Sand Kings, what additional tab needs to be filled out?

Sand King

Inventory

References

Sand Tracker

Design Page

At the end of the job, on what documents should the total sand used be the same?

Final PJR

Sand Tracker

Inventory

Fluid Tech Report

Field Ticket

When should you schedule ISO pickup?

6 hours from the job end time

As soon as the job ends

12 hours before the new job starts

12 hours from the job end time

Which of the following must be done when ending a job? Select all that applies?

Zero out "In The Silos" sand amount

Zero out the chem amounts on Inventory

Run the chem ISOs as low as possible

Zero out "Offloaded" sand amount

Zero out acid amount on "Inventory" tab

According to engineering SOP, when should field engineers have the job folder uploaded to the AST's company drive?

Within 36 hours from the job's end date/time

Within 24 hours of the job's end date/time

Anytime as long as it is before the next job's start date

Have it saved locally, but only upload when asked to

Where is a check valve located on a frac pump? What is the purpose?

At the end of the discharge hose, to control the flow of fracturing fluid

Inside the fluid end of the pump, to regulate fluid flow

On the discharge side of the pump, to protect the pump from overpressure

On the inlet side of the pump, to prevent fluid from backflowing into the reservoir

What are the potential consequences of a malfunctioning check valve on a frac pump?

Reduced fracturing fluid flow and impaired treatment effectiveness

Damage to the pump's internal components, requiring costly repairs

All of the above

Overpressurization of the fracturing fluid line, leading to safety hazards

In Channel Identification, where should you import the CID file from?

Download CID from Resnet Job Folder

Use .ACQ file from previous FPX job folder and rename to current zipper name

Download from Raw Engineering Files Folder and update parameter information

Create new .ACQ from blank and import previous template when asked

Download CID from Welldrive Upcoming Job Directory

AST Frac Level 2

AST Frac Level 2

How many gallons of FR is pumped on a substage that lasted 10 mins with a proppant concentration of 1.25 ppg, an average rate of 80 bpm, and an FR loading setpoint of 0.65 gpt?

A customer has 318 gal of FR on location for the 95 bpm (clean rate) stage design that is expected to last 1.2 hours. Assuming a perfect stage, what loading (gpt) would you recommend the customer to run the FR at to use all the FR?

What should the RPMs of each of the 3 screws be if we have a slurry rate of 110 bpm with a concentration of 2.00 ppg? Treater is running his PPRs at 28 lbs/rev.Assuming the 3 screws are set to be running at the same RPM.

What should the treater set his PPR at if the auger (assuming perfect shape) has a diameter of 7-in and a pitch of 12-in?

What is the maximum rate (bpm) that can be pumped if there are 3 iron lines going to the wellhead? ID of iron pipes is 3.97-in

What # gel system would have if gel loading setpoint is 3.75 gpt?

What should the loading setpoint (gpt) be if the design calls for a 20# gel system?

We just staged up from 1.75 ppg to 2.00 ppg sand 30 seconds ago, the rate remains constant at 110 bpm. Assume we are using produced water with SG of 1.007, casing type is 17# J-55 (CCF: 0.0232). Find the hydrostatic pressure (psi) at TVD of 8000 ft.

If you have a BHP of 8,982 psi, a TVD of 9,658 ft, and a frac gradient of 0.93. What is the ISIP (psi)?

Find flush volume needed to bottom perf (no overflush) if the first 8,290' is using #20 5.50" casing. Then from 8,290' to 12,677' the #21.60 4.50" casing is used. The bottom perforation for Stage 4 is 12,030'.

If we order 8,000 gal of 35.21% HCl acid, and dilute it to 17%, how many gals of 17% HCl do we have?

What is the size of a standard plastic chemical tote?

Briefly explain what the PPR is. Can the PPR be changed physically? Why do treater discuss changing PPR when he needs to adjust how to run sand?

What are the two engines on a frac blender? What are the main functions?

What equipment is used to measure sand concentration at the blender? Where is this equipment measuring the sand concentration at?

What is the common SG (specific gravity) of frac proppant?

How much time (hours) does it take to empty a full silo? Assuming 75 mins cycle time, each stage calls for 120000 lbs of 100 mesh and 120000 lbs of 40/70, an average truck load is 47500 lbs and 8 loads per silo.

You are pumping 300,000 lbs stages (150,000 lbs 100 Mesh, 150,000 lbs of 40/70). Cycle time of 1.5 hours and silos both start at 98%. Determine:a. Silo percentage after 2 stagesb. Projected sand weight in each silo after 2 stagesc. Time duration to empty silos (hours)

Describe the difference between slickwater and gel fracs.

Why is it important equalize the line before opening the well to frac?

How many pressure transducers can be found on the fluid end of a frac pump

How many gallons of FR is pumped on a substage that lasted 10 mins with a proppant concentration of 1.25 ppg, an average rate of 80 bpm, and an FR loading setpoint of 0.65 gpt?

Assuming a steady rate of 56 bpm, determine the loading setpoint of each chemical if the following volumes were pumped in 3.5 mins period.FR: 6.5 galSurf: 2.3 galClay Stabilizer: 0.9 gal

Find the chemical rates (gal/min) for the following substages assuming the slurry rate is constant at 80 bpm and chemical loading is 1.00 gal/1000.(1) West TX 100 mesh at 1.0 ppg(2) West TX 40/70 at 1.50 ppg

Determine the flowrates (gal/min) of the following chemicals with their respective loading setpoints, assuming the clean rate is constant at 65 bpmFR: 0.75 gptSurf: 0.5 gptScale: 0.15 gpt

A customer has 318 gal of FR on location for the 95 bpm (clean rate) stage design that is expected to last 1.2 hours. Assuming a perfect stage, what loading (gpt) would you recommend the customer to run the FR at to use all the FR?

What should the RPMs of each of the 3 screws be if we have a slurry rate of 110 bpm with a concentration of 2.00 ppg? Treater is running his PPRs at 28 lbs/rev.Assuming the 3 screws are set to be running at the same RPM.

What should the treater set his PPR at if the auger (assuming perfect shape) has a diameter of 7-in and a pitch of 12-in?

What is the maximum rate (bpm) that can be pumped if there are 3 iron lines going to the wellhead? ID of iron pipes is 3.97-in

We are setting up a job that has max rate of 105 bpm and max sand concentration of 2.00 ppg. There will be 2 blenders, how many discharge and suction hose will be needed. Assuming 2 extra hoses for each.

The HHP is estimated to be 15,000 hhp. The well has TVD of 4,000 ft and we are pumping freshwater on pad. The BHTP is estimated to be 8,000 psi. What is the rate (bpm)?

What # gel system would have if gel loading setpoint is 3.75 gpt?

What should the loading setpoint (gpt) be if the design calls for a 20# gel system?

We just staged up from 1.75 ppg to 2.00 ppg sand 30 seconds ago, the rate remains constant at 110 bpm. Assume we are using produced water with SG of 1.007, casing type is 17# J-55 (CCF: 0.0232). Find the hydrostatic pressure (psi) at TVD of 8000 ft.

When the treater cuts 2.00 ppg sand to go on flush, do you expect to see surface pressure (STP) increase or decrease initially?How much pressure change should you expect on flush if your TVD is 8500 ft? Assuming the change in BHTP is negligible.

Given the perforation interval [top, bottom] = [5600, 5800] ft, and ISIP = 2300 psi, what is the frac gradient? Use mid-perf for this calculation.

If you have a BHP of 8,982 psi, a TVD of 9,658 ft, and a frac gradient of 0.93. What is the ISIP (psi)?

Find flush volume needed to bottom perf (no overflush) if the first 8,290' is using #20 5.50" casing. Then from 8,290' to 12,677' the #21.60 4.50" casing is used. The bottom perforation for Stage 4 is 12,030'.

What is the bottom hole pressure if you are on 1.75 ppg and the pressure measured at the wellhead is currently at 8,788 psi? TVD of the well is 9,647 ft.

Given the following table, find stage proppant pumped during {West TX 100 mesh, 1.25 ppg} step.

Given the following figure, what is the friction pressure at 100 bpm in 4.5in casing with TVD of 6,147 ft?

If we order 8,000 gal of 35.21% HCl acid, and dilute it to 17%, how many gals of 17% HCl do we have?

If we need 10,000 gal of 15% HCl to finish the job, how many bbls of water do you need to order to dilute the needed amount of 35.21% HCl to make the solution?

What is the difference between Pressure A and Pressure B?

Which iron rating is needed for a job that calls for 10,500 psi max treating pressure?

What is the size of a standard plastic chemical tote?

What is the conversion factor used at AST for converting cu.ft to lbs capacity on our sand kings?

How do you get straps when using sand kings?

What should the RPMs of each of the 3 screws be if we have a slurry rate of 110 bpm with a concentration of 2.00 ppg? Treater is running his PPRs at 28 lbs/rev.
Assuming the 3 screws are set to be running at the same RPM.

Find flush volume needed to bottom perf (no overflush) if the first 8,290' is using #20 5.50" casing. Then from 8,290' to 12,677' the #21.60 4.50" casing is used.
The bottom perforation for Stage 4 is 12,030'.

Briefly explain what the PPR is.
Can the PPR be changed physically?
Why do treater discuss changing PPR when he needs to adjust how to run sand?

How much time (hours) does it take to empty a full silo?
Assuming 75 mins cycle time, each stage calls for 120000 lbs of 100 mesh and 120000 lbs of 40/70, an average truck load is 47500 lbs and 8 loads per silo.

You are pumping 300,000 lbs stages (150,000 lbs 100 Mesh, 150,000 lbs of 40/70). Cycle time of 1.5 hours and silos both start at 98%.
Determine:
a. Silo percentage after 2 stages
b. Projected sand weight in each silo after 2 stages
c. Time duration to empty silos (hours)

Assuming a steady rate of 56 bpm, determine the loading setpoint of each chemical if the following volumes were pumped in 3.5 mins period.
FR: 6.5 gal
Surf: 2.3 gal
Clay Stabilizer: 0.9 gal

Find the chemical rates (gal/min) for the following substages assuming the slurry rate is constant at 80 bpm and chemical loading is 1.00 gal/1000.
(1) West TX 100 mesh at 1.0 ppg
(2) West TX 40/70 at 1.50 ppg

Determine the flowrates (gal/min) of the following chemicals with their respective loading setpoints, assuming the clean rate is constant at 65 bpm
FR: 0.75 gpt
Surf: 0.5 gpt
Scale: 0.15 gpt

What should the RPMs of each of the 3 screws be if we have a slurry rate of 110 bpm with a concentration of 2.00 ppg? Treater is running his PPRs at 28 lbs/rev.
Assuming the 3 screws are set to be running at the same RPM.

When the treater cuts 2.00 ppg sand to go on flush, do you expect to see surface pressure (STP) increase or decrease initially?
How much pressure change should you expect on flush if your TVD is 8500 ft?
Assuming the change in BHTP is negligible.

Find flush volume needed to bottom perf (no overflush) if the first 8,290' is using #20 5.50" casing. Then from 8,290' to 12,677' the #21.60 4.50" casing is used.
The bottom perforation for Stage 4 is 12,030'.