Copy of CK12 4.1- 4.3 DNA Central Dog Dogma, Genetic Material, DNA Structure and Function (2/1/2024)

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44 questions

4.1

1

Untitled Section

4.2

1

4.3

1

Who coined the term 'Central Dogma' in molecular biology?

James Watson

Francis Crick

Rosalind Franklin

Gregor Mendel

What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) responsible for determining?

Your genes and characteristics

Your blood type

Your hair color

Your skin color

What determines the structure and function of all cells?

Proteins

Lipids

Enzymes

Carbohydrates

What determines a protein’s structure?

The color of the protein

The size of the protein

The weight of the protein

The sequence of amino acids

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

In the nucleus

In the cytoplasm

In the mitochondria

In the ribosome

What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

Carries instructions from DNA to ribosome

Assembles the nuclear membrane

Transforms DNA into proteins

Carries proteins to DNA

Which sequence correctly represents the central dogma of molecular biology?

Protein → RNA → DNA

DNA → RNA → Protein

RNA → DNA → Protein

DNA → Protein → RNA

How does RNA get from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

Via protein channels in the ribosome

Through the cell wall

Inside of mitochondria

Through pores in the nuclear membrane

For many decades, scientists believed which molecule carried genetic information?

DNA

Protein

RNA

Lipids

What molecule is known to carry the 'code of life'?

Amino Acids

RNA

Glucose

DNA

What is DNA?

Ribonucleic Acid

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Nucleic Acid

Deoxyribose Sugar

How is your DNA passed on to you?

From your siblings

Through the air

From your teachers

From your parents

What does your DNA determine?

Your educational level

Your characteristics

Your personality type

Your height only

Who made important discoveries about DNA in the 1920s?

Frederick Griffith

James Watson

Gregor Mendel

Charles Darwin

What happened when Griffith injected mice with S-strain bacteria?

The mice died

Nothing happened to the mice

The mice adapted to the strain

The mice developed immunity to it

What resulted from injecting mice with heat-killed S-strain mixed with living R-strain?

The R-strain converted to S-strain

The mice died

The mice remained healthy

The bacteria suffered mutations

Which strain of bacteria was non-virulent?

S (smooth) strain

R (rough) strain

Neither R or S strain

Both R and S strains

What did Griffith observe happening within the R strain?

It transformed into a deadly strain.

It died immediately

It multiplied rapidly

It mutated into a virus

What did Griffith name the process of the R strain becoming deadly?

Transformation

Translocation

Transmutation

Transcription

What type of substance did Griffith deduce was causing the transformation?

A viral infection

A substance from the killed S strain

An external toxin

A substance produced by the R strain

Who led the team of scientists in the early 1940s to further study the results of Griffith's experiment?

Alfred Hershey

Oswald Avery

Francis Crick

James Watson

What did Avery's team do to the S-strain bacteria?

They increased their mutation rate.

They removed their DNA.

They introduced a new trait.

They inactivated various substances in it.

What happened when Avery's team inactivated proteins in the S-strain bacteria?

The mice gained immunity to the bacteria.

The R-strain became deadly to the mice.

The S-strain bacteria became resistant.

The R-strain remained harmless.

What led Avery's team to conclude that DNA is the genetic material?

R-strain remained harmless when S-strain protein was inactivated.

R-strain became deadly when S-strain RNA was inactivated.

R-strain remained harmless when S-strain DNA was inactivated.

R-strain's size increased when S-strain DNA was inactivated.

Who conducted the experiments confirming that DNA is the genetic material?

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Watson and Crick

Rosalind Franklin

Gregor Mendel

What needs to happen for a virus to reproduce?

It needs to eat other cells

Create its own cells

Insert its genetic material into a host cell

Divide like a regular cell

Which molecule did viruses insert into bacteria according to Hershey and Chase’s experiments?

RNA

DNA

Protein

Carbohydrates

How did Hershey and Chase identify the molecule that viruses inserted into bacteria?

Used radioactive elements to label the DNA and proteins

Performed a chemical analysis

Used a microscope

Genetically modified the viruses

Who discovered the rules of base concentrations in DNA species?

Darwin

Watson and Crick

Erwin Chargaff

Mendel

What are the four nitrogen bases of DNA?

glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

According to Chargaff's rules, which base concentrations match in each species?

adenine and cytosine, thymine and guanine

adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

adenine and guanine, cytosine and thymine

All of them

When was the significance of Chargaff's rules revealed?

After the discovery of chromosomes

During the human genome project

With the discovery of the cell

After the structure of DNA was discovered

Who are credited for the discovery of DNA's double helix shape?

Frederick Griffith

Rosalind Franklin

James Watson and Francis Crick

Erwin Chargaff

What technique did Rosalind Franklin and others use to study DNA’s structure?

X rays

Centrifugation

Microscopy

Chromatography

What analogy could you use to describe the shape of DNA?

A straight rod

A ladder

A spiral staircase

A circular loop

Who were the scientists whose work was not given enough credit initially?

Frederick Griffith

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Rosalind Franklin and other scientists

James Watson and Francis Crick

What are the components of a nucleotide in a DNA molecule?

Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

Sugar, nitrogen base, carbon

Sugar, phosphate group, helium

Nitrogen base, phosphate group, protein

According to Chargaff’s rules, which base pairs with adenine?

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

Why does adenine not bond with guanine in a DNA molecule?

They have the same chemical structure

They are the same size

They repel each other

The distance between DNA chains would be variable

What type of bond holds together the two polynucleotide chains of DNA?

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Van der Waals bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Cytokinesis phase

Synthesis (S) phase

Growth (G1) phase

Mitosis (M) phase

Which enzyme breaks the bonds between complementary bases in DNA during replication?

DNA polymerase

DNA ligase

DNA helicase

RNA polymerase

What role does DNA polymerase play in DNA replication?

Who coined the term 'Central Dogma' in molecular biology?

James Watson

Francis Crick

Rosalind Franklin

Gregor Mendel

What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) responsible for determining?

Your genes and characteristics

Your blood type

Your hair color

Your skin color

What determines the structure and function of all cells?

Proteins

Lipids

Enzymes

Carbohydrates

What determines a protein’s structure?

The color of the protein

The size of the protein

The weight of the protein

The sequence of amino acids

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

In the nucleus

In the cytoplasm

In the mitochondria

In the ribosome

What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?

Carries instructions from DNA to ribosome

Assembles the nuclear membrane

Transforms DNA into proteins

Carries proteins to DNA

Which sequence correctly represents the central dogma of molecular biology?

Protein → RNA → DNA

DNA → RNA → Protein

RNA → DNA → Protein

DNA → Protein → RNA

How does RNA get from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

Via protein channels in the ribosome

Through the cell wall

Inside of mitochondria

Through pores in the nuclear membrane

For many decades, scientists believed which molecule carried genetic information?

DNA

Protein

RNA

Lipids

What molecule is known to carry the 'code of life'?

Amino Acids

RNA

Glucose

DNA

What is DNA?

Ribonucleic Acid

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Nucleic Acid

Deoxyribose Sugar

How is your DNA passed on to you?

From your siblings

Through the air

From your teachers

From your parents

What does your DNA determine?

Your educational level

Your characteristics

Your personality type

Your height only

Who made important discoveries about DNA in the 1920s?

Frederick Griffith

James Watson

Gregor Mendel

Charles Darwin

What happened when Griffith injected mice with S-strain bacteria?

The mice died

Nothing happened to the mice

The mice adapted to the strain

The mice developed immunity to it

What resulted from injecting mice with heat-killed S-strain mixed with living R-strain?

The R-strain converted to S-strain

The mice died

The mice remained healthy

The bacteria suffered mutations

Which strain of bacteria was non-virulent?

S (smooth) strain

R (rough) strain

Neither R or S strain

Both R and S strains

What did Griffith observe happening within the R strain?

It transformed into a deadly strain.

It died immediately

It multiplied rapidly

It mutated into a virus

What did Griffith name the process of the R strain becoming deadly?

Transformation

Translocation

Transmutation

Transcription

What type of substance did Griffith deduce was causing the transformation?

A viral infection

A substance from the killed S strain

An external toxin

A substance produced by the R strain

Who led the team of scientists in the early 1940s to further study the results of Griffith's experiment?

Alfred Hershey

Oswald Avery

Francis Crick

James Watson

What did Avery's team do to the S-strain bacteria?

They increased their mutation rate.

They removed their DNA.

They introduced a new trait.

They inactivated various substances in it.

What happened when Avery's team inactivated proteins in the S-strain bacteria?

The mice gained immunity to the bacteria.

The R-strain became deadly to the mice.

The S-strain bacteria became resistant.

The R-strain remained harmless.

What led Avery's team to conclude that DNA is the genetic material?

R-strain remained harmless when S-strain protein was inactivated.

R-strain became deadly when S-strain RNA was inactivated.

R-strain remained harmless when S-strain DNA was inactivated.

R-strain's size increased when S-strain DNA was inactivated.

Who conducted the experiments confirming that DNA is the genetic material?

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Watson and Crick

Rosalind Franklin

Gregor Mendel

What needs to happen for a virus to reproduce?

It needs to eat other cells

Create its own cells

Insert its genetic material into a host cell

Divide like a regular cell

Which molecule did viruses insert into bacteria according to Hershey and Chase’s experiments?

RNA

DNA

Protein

Carbohydrates

How did Hershey and Chase identify the molecule that viruses inserted into bacteria?

Used radioactive elements to label the DNA and proteins

Performed a chemical analysis

Used a microscope

Genetically modified the viruses

Who discovered the rules of base concentrations in DNA species?

Darwin

Watson and Crick

Erwin Chargaff

Mendel

What are the four nitrogen bases of DNA?

glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

According to Chargaff's rules, which base concentrations match in each species?

adenine and cytosine, thymine and guanine

adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

adenine and guanine, cytosine and thymine

All of them

When was the significance of Chargaff's rules revealed?

After the discovery of chromosomes

During the human genome project

With the discovery of the cell

After the structure of DNA was discovered

Who are credited for the discovery of DNA's double helix shape?

Frederick Griffith

Rosalind Franklin

James Watson and Francis Crick

Erwin Chargaff

What technique did Rosalind Franklin and others use to study DNA’s structure?

X rays

Centrifugation

Microscopy

Chromatography

What analogy could you use to describe the shape of DNA?

A straight rod

A ladder

A spiral staircase

A circular loop

Who were the scientists whose work was not given enough credit initially?

Frederick Griffith

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Rosalind Franklin and other scientists

James Watson and Francis Crick

What are the components of a nucleotide in a DNA molecule?

Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

Sugar, nitrogen base, carbon

Sugar, phosphate group, helium

Nitrogen base, phosphate group, protein

According to Chargaff’s rules, which base pairs with adenine?

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

Why does adenine not bond with guanine in a DNA molecule?

They have the same chemical structure

They are the same size

They repel each other

The distance between DNA chains would be variable

What type of bond holds together the two polynucleotide chains of DNA?

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Van der Waals bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Cytokinesis phase

Synthesis (S) phase

Growth (G1) phase

Mitosis (M) phase

Which enzyme breaks the bonds between complementary bases in DNA during replication?

DNA polymerase

DNA ligase

DNA helicase

RNA polymerase

What role does DNA polymerase play in DNA replication?

Breaks the bonds between DNA bases

Joins together broken DNA strands

Binds DNA to RNA

Builds two new DNA strands

Why is DNA replication described as a semi-conservative process?

None of the parent DNA is conserved in the new molecules

The parent DNA is conserved by splitting equally

The whole parent DNA is conserved post-replication

Half of the parent DNA is conserved in each daughter DNA molecule