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History of Corrections

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Last updated 2 months ago
25 questions
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What is the psychological principle that describes a form of operant conditions in which an individual experiences an aversive consequence serve enough to discourage the repetition of a particular behavior in the future?
incapacitation
restitution
deterrence
Scare
Which of the following does Not represent a distinct historical era in the evolution of the prison system?
Walnut Street Jail
Industrial Era
New York System
Pennsylvania System
Which governmental agency is primarily responsible for overseeing the execution of an offender's sentence?
Department of Corrections
Department of Justice
Department of County Jails
Department of Incarceration
Which of the following terms refers to the conditional release of an incarcerated individual prior to the completion of their sentence?
early release
probation
parole
time served
What does the term "Penology" refer to?
The study of prisons and inmates
The study of the use of punishment for criminal acts
The establishment of penal codes
The administration of penitentiaries
What was the first term historically used to refer to institutions designed for the confinement and punishment of an offender?
Correctional facility
Jailhouse
Penitentiary
Incarceration center
What is a "Penal code"?
A set of guidelines for prison administration
A legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime
A manual for correctional officers
A list of rules for inmate behavior
What does the term "Corrections" encompass?
The process of rehabilitating juvenile delinquents
The administration of parole and probation services only
The study of criminal law and court procedures
The system, policies, and practices designed to manage individuals that have been convicted of crimes
According to the theory of corrections, what is considered the primary purpose of punishment?
To rehabilitate the offender
To seek revenge
To prevent crime
To provide restitution to the victim
According to the first theory of corrections, what is considered more important than punishment?
Deterrence
Prevention
Retribution
Incapacitation
How does the earliest established theory of corrections propose that punishment serves as a deterrent to criminal behavior?
By ensuring harsh punishment
Through lengthy trials and strict sentencing
By providing a speedy trial and humane treatment
By focusing on rehabilitation programs
What fundamental principles does the earliest theory of corrections propose that individuals rely on when weighing the decision to commit a crime?
They will act based on their moral beliefs
They will follow societal norms without question
They will weigh seeking pleasure (the crime) against pain (the punishment)
They will rely on their upbringing and education
According to various criminological theories, what underlying social. psychological, and economic factors contribute to an individual's decision to engage in criminal behavior?
Beyond their control
Out of sheer boredom
To gain social status
To follow societal trends
What does the theory of atavism, as proposed in early criminology thought, suggests that certain criminals possess innate biological traits of ancestral human evolutionary stages?
Criminals are influenced by their environment
Criminal behavior is a result of poor education and ancestral types
Criminals had traits that made them revert to ancestral types
Criminal acts are always a conscious choice
In the context of crime and punishment theories, how does "Atavism" refer to in the context of certain individuals exhibiting primitive behavioral traits?
The belief that crime is a modern phenomenon
The tendency to revert to ancestral type which means criminal behavior is predetermined
The idea that crime is influenced by socioeconomics and ancestral factors
The view that all criminal behavior is a result of mental illness
According to the theory of atavism, what is the nature of criminal behavior?
It is learned through social interaction
It is a result of poor decision-making skills
It is predetermined and inherited from ancestral traits
It is a consequence of modern technology
What defining characteristic of the Auburn System, introduced in 1817, distinguished it from other prison models of the time?
Prisoners were allowed to work together during the day and were separated at night
Prisoners were isolated at all times
Prisoners participated in recreational activities during the day
Prisoners were only allowed to work individually
During the Reformatory Era (1870-1910), what were the primary objectives of the prison system?
Punishing offenders harshly
Expanding education and vocational programs
Isolating prisoners from society
Reducing prison populations
During the Industrial Prison Era (1910-1935), what were the primary objectives of the correctional system?
Providing recreational activities for inmates
Focusing on rehabilitation through counseling
Emphasizing prison operations where inmates produced products to make prisons self-sustaining
Isolating inmates to prevent escape
What era of corrections emphasized cognitive rehabilitation by encouraging offenders to reflect on their future, develop prosocial decision-making skills?
Auburn System
Industrial Prison Era
Modern Era
Reformatory Era
What were the most significant reforms implemented in the corrections system following the Attica Riot of 1971?
Increased use of solitary confinement
Reduction in prison staff
Expansion of the death penalty for riot leaders
Implementation of more rehabilitation programs and improvements in inmate living conditions
Which era of corrections prioritized economic self-sufficiency by implementing structured inmate labor programs?
Auburn System
Reformatory Era
Industrial Prison Era
Rehabilitation Era
In the context of corrections, what is the overarching goal of deterrence?
To educate the offender
To reduce the offender's ability to commit further crimes
To create such an unpleasant situation that the offender will not want to commit the crime again
To provide compensation to victims
In the field of corrections, what is the primary objective of incapacitation?
Reducing the offender’s ability to commit further crimes
Providing educational programs to inmates
Helping offenders repay society for their wrongdoing
Shifting focus from the offender to the victim
Which overarching goal of corrections is dedicated to transforming inmate attitudes and behaviors through structured rehabilitative programs?
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Restitution
Incapacitation