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RGSW Thinking skills TSA 2008

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Last updated 10 months ago
22 questions
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Question 22
22.

Sometimes poverty is defined in relation to average income.

For example, people may be said to be poor if their income is less than 60 percent of the average income for the population.

This is not a legitimate definition, because it is a measure of inequality rather than poverty.

This is obvious if we consider the consequences of using the definition.

It means that a huge pay rise for middle managers automatically throws some people into poverty,

even though their income has not changed. On the other hand, the definition implies that in a society where almost everyone is starving, no one is poor. Which of the following best expresses the main conclusion of the above argument?
A. Having a relatively low income is not the same as being poor.
B. It is impossible to find an appropriate definition of poverty.
C. It is wrong to define poverty in relation to average income.
D. A huge pay rise for middle managers makes other people poor.
E. There is no inequality in a society where most people are starving.
Which of the following is the best statement of the flaw in the argument above?
Those people who take illegal drugs and drive are likely to be different from those who drink and drive.
Targeting people who drive under the influence of illegal drugs ignores those people who take drugs but do not drive.
The success of the drink-driving campaign does not mean that a campaign against drivers who take drugs would succeed.
The increase in drug-related road deaths is insufficient to conclude that the drink-driving campaign has succeeded.
Evidence on the number of drug-related road accidents needs to distinguish between illegal drugs and legal drugs.
Which of the following is a conclusion which can be reliably drawn from the passage as a whole?
Socialists who enjoy personal wealth cannot object to others who amass even greater wealth.
Someone can be a genuine socialist whilst enjoying a high standard of living.
Calls for reform are more effective if they come from the more privileged classes of society.
There is nothing immoral about inequalities in the distribution of wealth.
It is hypocritical to claim to be a socialist if one enjoys a standard of living above the average.
Which one of the following is an underlying assumption of this argument?
A. Students do not look after their own safety but rely on others to take safety measures on their behalf.
B. The City Council regard the lake area as part of the campus.
C. Students walking on and off campus at night would go via the university lake.
D. The safety measures taken by the City Council are either non-existent or are inferior to those implemented by the Student Union.
E. The Executive of the Student Union is not merely seeking popularity in implementing its reforms but is genuinely concerned about safety risks.
Some of the great sea mammals, such as the sperm whale, have brains many times larger than ours. It is a fact of evolution that organs do not grow or remain large unless they are used; if they are not used, they shrink or even disappear. It must be concluded therefore that the sperm whale makes intelligent use of the vast brain it possesses, perhaps at thought levels well beyond our understanding. Which of the following would, if true, weaken the argument?
Humans have developed intelligence despite having smaller brains than whales.
Whales lack the ability to communicate in language.
Large brains may have uses that do not involve intelligence.
There is no correlation between the size of the animal and the size of its brain.
Whale intelligence may be of a kind that humans do not recognize.
Mrs. Jackson said that if Mrs. List were promoted, she would resign, and we definitely do not want to lose Mrs. Jackson. However, we are not going to promote Mrs. List; we are going to offer the promotion to Mr. Wade. Therefore, Mrs. Jackson will not resign. Which of the following is the best statement of the flaw in the argument?
It implies that Mrs. Jackson threatened to resign because she wanted the promotion herself.
It does not explain why it is so important to keep Mrs. Jackson.
It overlooks the possibility that Mrs. Jackson might resign even if Mrs. List is not promoted.
It overlooks the possibility that Mrs. Jackson would not have resigned even if Mrs. List had been promoted.
It overlooks the possibility that Mr. Wade might not accept the promotion.
Which of the following best expresses the main conclusion of the above argument?
A. There is no justification for existing laws against cannabis.
B. Cannabis can relieve the suffering of people with multiple sclerosis.
C. Doctors are opposed to existing laws on cannabis.
D. It should be legal for doctors to prescribe cannabis.
E. Large-scale surveys are needed to establish whether cannabis really is beneficial.
Which one of the following is a conclusion which can be drawn from the above passage?
A. The test for detection of heroin in the body should be improved.
B. Since 1995, cannabis use in prisons is at a lower level than heroin use.
C. The drug-problem in prisons cannot be solved by random drug-testing.
D. The system of drug-testing of prisoners has not solved the drug-problem in prisons.
E. The level of intimidation in prisons has doubled since the introduction of random drug-testing.
Which of the following is an underlying assumption of the above argument?
A. Patients accept that a doctor has a responsibility to decide what will be in their best interests.
B. Doctors have a duty to conceal the truth if they believe it will frighten the patient.
C. Doctors have a duty to tell their patients the truth even when the truth would upset them.
D. Doctors have a greater responsibility for a patient's well-being than for their right to know the truth.
E. It is the responsibility of doctors to respect a patient's human rights whatever their medical condition.
Birds of the tit family are very fond of tearing paper—wallpaper, newspaper, notices, and banknotes included.

They make no use of the paper they have torn.

We might explain this puzzling behavior by noting that the technique they use for tearing paper is identical to their technique for stripping tree bark to search for insects to eat.

This indicates that tits that tear paper are searching for food. Which of the following,

if true, would most weaken the above argument?
A. On many occasions, tits reject food on bird tables to tear paper.
B. Tits carry on tearing paper even when it is obvious to humans that no food is forthcoming.
C. Eighty per cent of householders who reported paper tearing behavior fed the birds.
D. Tits use moss from trees and wool from dead sheep for nesting materials.
E. Animals often engage in apparently pointless activities that turn out to have a purpose.
The government has announced that it wants to reduce the level of ill-health due to workplace stress. Ministers could learn a lot from a recent study of 8000 white-collar workers in America which found that men who had a high level of control over the way they carried out their jobs had a low rate of heart disease, a stress-related disease. Clearly, therefore, the most stressful jobs are those in which employees have little control over the pace of their work and how it is organised. If the government is serious about wanting to reduce the level of stress-related disease, then it needs to encourage employers to give their workers greater control over their work.

Which of the following is the best statement of a major flaw in the argument?
A. It contradicts itself by implying that the government is not serious about wanting to reduce stress-related disease.
B. It assumes that in general workers want to be given more control over the organisation of their work.
C. It ignores the practical question of how much control workers can be given.
D. It assumes that where there was a low incidence of heart disease this was caused by a reduction in stress.
E. It assumes that stress in the workplace only affects white-collar workers.
You can become a good pianist if you start to learn at an early age.

You did not start to learn until you were an adult, so you cannot become a good pianist.

Which of the following has the same structure as the above argument?
A. Children can become fluent in two languages if they start learning when very young. My children learnt two languages when young, so they speak them fluently.
B. You can cure your headache if you are willing to try acupuncture. You refuse to try acupuncture, so you will not be able to cure your headache.
C. You can avoid being overweight if you take sufficient exercise. You take sufficient exercise, so you will not become overweight.
D. Children have fewer ear infections if they take cod liver oil. My children have very few ear infections, so they do not need to take cod liver oil.
E. You can become a good singer if you have perfect pitch. You are a good singer, so you must have perfect pitch.
Question 13
13.

The quantity of food produced has always fluctuated according to environmental conditions: gluts and shortages have been with us for five hundred years or more. In the past, the free operation of market forces limited the adverse effects of these fluctuations, usually with far more success than any attempts at planned responses. But now we are changing the environment irreversibly. These changes will not only be permanent, but will have such devastating effects on world agriculture that market forces alone will be unable to prevent a global famine. So it is now vital to seek some sort of planned response. Which one of the following summarizes the main conclusion of the argument above?
A. Environmental changes will have devastating effects on world agriculture.
B. Market forces cannot prevent global famine.
C. A planned response to current environmental changes is necessary.
D. The recent environmental changes cannot be reversed.
E. Market forces have limited the adverse effects of the environment on food production.
Scientists are now developing genetically modified crop plants that produce their own pesticide. But pesticides are only effective if they are not overused; if they are applied continuously for long periods, then the pests that they are supposed to kill develop resistance to them. Pesticides only remain effective against pests, therefore, if periods are left during which they are not used. The genetically modified crop plants will produce pesticides continuously. Which of the following is a conclusion that can reliably be drawn from the above passage?
A. The pesticides produced by the genetically modified crop plants become ineffective against pests.
B. The genetic modification of crop plants will make the crops unusable, as they will be contaminated with pesticide.
C. The genetically modified crop plants will help to prevent the overuse of pesticides.
D. The development of genetically modified crop plants will enable more effective use of pesticides, since periods may be left when they are not used.
E. The development of genetically modified crop plants will mean that pesticides need no longer be sprayed onto fields.
Which of the following is an underlying assumption of the argument above?
The space in presently available landfill sites will soon be exhausted.
Soft-drink bottles should be made from materials which can be recycled.
The burning of plastic rubbish is inadvisable because it produces toxic chemicals.
Apart from food and drink containers, there is little use for recycled PET.
A reduction in the amount of plastic produced would ease the problems of garbage disposal.
Catalytic converters are increasingly being fitted to cars as a means of reducing some of the harmful emissions from car exhausts.

But, though they eliminate one form of pollution, their action serves only to create another one.

Ground-level ozone is kept at very low levels in cities by some of the pollutants catalysts remove.

So the more catalytic converters that are fitted, the more such ozone can build up.

Since ozone is a major cause of choking summer smogs, we can assume that people with breathing difficulties, such as asthmatics, will be much worse off the more that catalytic converters are used.

We should stop fitting cars with catalytic converters.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the above argument?
A. Most cars are not fitted with a catalytic converter.
B. Catalytic converters are the best-known method of reducing harmful car emissions.
C. The pollutants that catalytic converters remove can create breathing difficulties.
D. The number of cases of people with breathing difficulties has risen over the past few years.
E. Air pollution affecting people with breathing difficulties is also caused by emissions from industry.
The argument that the European Union should enlarge to include more Eastern Bloc countries is flawed because:
It assumes that the Eastern Bloc countries have the potential for growth and stability that the existing members had prior to entry.
It fails to acknowledge that there are countries outside the EU that are just as prosperous and stable.
It relies on there being no opposition to the enlargement of the EU from existing member countries.
It implies that exclusion of the Eastern Bloc countries from the EU would result in their being unstable.
It assumes that the success of a political affiliation like the EU can be measured in purely economic terms.
Which of the following best summarises the main conclusion of the argument about motor racing?
It was not unfair of the leading driver to steer into his rival's car.
Motor racing is a fierce and ruthless sport with big rewards for winning.
It is not irresponsible to try to win at all costs.
Some commentators thought that the race had been fought fairly.
Another driver in the same position would have acted in the same way.
Which of the following can reliably be inferred from the above passage?
A. Subtle changes to wildlife health may not be apparent to a casual observer.
B. Many ecotourist projects are ecologically viable.
C. Dolphins become increasingly frenetic when tourist boats are present.
D. Guidelines for ecotourism mostly address obvious issues such as changes in land use or cutting down trees.
E. The benefits of sustainable resources may be outweighed by harm to wildlife.
Which one of the following is an underlying assumption of the above argument?
A. If winning had mattered more to him, Van de Velde would have won.
B. Anyone can win the top tournaments if they believe they can do it.
C. Nothing in sport is worse than losing.
D. Van de Velde was very unlucky in the last stages of the game.
E. Van de Velde should have cared more about losing.
Electrical goods retailers often offer 'extended warranties' which guarantee free repairs if the product breaks down during the term of the warranty.

Salespeople are keen to persuade customers to buy these warranties because they gain substantial commission from them.

Customers may also be tempted to buy them, since they ensure that the purchaser will not be faced with huge repair bills.

However, surveys by consumer protection agencies show that the average cost of repairs per customer is less than the average cost of a warranty.

Anybody buying electrical goods would, therefore, be well-advised not to buy an extended warranty, as it represents poor value for money.

Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the above argument?
A. Salespeople knowingly mislead their customers into purchasing a poor value scheme.
B. The average cost of repairs is low because for the majority of electrical purchases the actual cost is zero.
C. No extended warranty scheme would be viable for the retailer if the average cost of repairs exceeded the cost of the warranty.
D. In most warranty agreements there are clauses which state that certain kinds of repair are not covered.
E. With or without an extended warranty, customers have statutory rights which retailers are obliged to observe.
What is the principle that the author argues for in the above passage?
The government's refusal to fund the crime prevention programme means that they alone are responsible for the high crime rate.
Many people who are sent to prison commit further crimes when they come out, which shows that prison fails to make criminals feel responsible for their actions.
The people more responsible for the high crime rate are the people who break the law, not the local authority for failing to support the crime prevention programme.
The crime prevention programme does not work because it places the responsibility for crime on the local authority which has insufficient funds to implement it.
Community service orders work better than prison because they focus the convicted person's mind on the direct consequences of anti-social behaviour.