Body Chemistry assignment

Posljednje ažuriranje 9 months ago

42 questions

Elements

Pure substances made of only one type of atom.
Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Examples: Oxygen , Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

Obavezno

Types of Chemical Bonds

Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
Results in charged particles called ions.
Example: Sodium chloride

Covalent Bonds

Formed when atoms share electrons.
Can involve single, double, or triple bonds.
Example: Water

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen).
Important in maintaining the structure of DNA and the properties of water.

Diagram illustrating ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds with descriptions of electron transfer, sharing, and interactions.

Obavezno

Diagram showing a neutral atom becoming a cation by losing electrons and an anion by gaining electrons.

Standard 5: Ions in Solution (Electrolytes)

Electrolytes

Substances that dissolve in water to form ions.
Help conduct electrical signals in the body.
Important for muscle function, nerve impulses, and hydration.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.
Formed when an atom gains electrons.
Example: Chloride Cl-, Bicarbonate (baking soda)

Cation

A positively charged ion.
Formed when an atom loses electrons.
Example: Sodium Na+ , Calcium Ca2+

Obavezno

Diagram showing the structure of a water molecule (H2O) including electron distribution and molecular geometry.

Standard 6: Properties and Functions of Water in the Human Body

Universal Solvent

Dissolves many substances, allowing chemical reactions to occur in cells.

Transport

Carries nutrients, hormones, and waste through blood and other fluids.

Lubricant

Reduces friction in joints and tissues (e.g., synovial fluid).

Heat Capacity

Absorbs and retains heat, helping regulate body temperature.

Chemical Reactions

Participates in reactions like hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.

Obavezno

pH scale ranging from 0 to 14, with labels for acidic, neutral, and basic substances such as stomach acid, coffee, soap, and bleach.

Normal range: 7.35 to 7.45
Slight changes can affect enzyme function and health.

Obavezno

Standard 10: Cellular Respiration and Energy Production

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Main energy currency of the cell.

Energy Conversion

$ATP \leftrightarrow ADP + P + \text{ENERGY}$
When ATP loses a phosphate group, it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and releases energy used for cellular processes.

Diagram of a cellular electron transport chain showing electron transfer, hydrogen ion movement, and ATP synthesis.

Obavezno

Body Chemistry assignment

Posljednje ažuriranje 9 months ago

42 questions

Standard 1: Review of Key Terms & Concepts

States of Matter

Solid: Has a definite shape and volume; particles are tightly packed and vibrate in place.
Liquid: Has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container; particles move more freely than in solids.
Gas: Has no definite shape or volume; particles move rapidly and are far apart.

Diagram showing the states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, represented by circles symbolizing particles in different arrangements.

Bone
Blood
Carbon dioxide
Water
Salt
Oxygen
Water vapor
Calcium Carbonate

Solid
Liquid
Gas

Elements

Pure substances made of only one type of atom.
Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
Examples: Oxygen , Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

Basic Components of the Atom

Nucleus: The dense center of the atom containing protons and neutrons.
Protons: Positively charged particles located in the nucleus.
Neutrons: Neutral particles also located in the nucleus.
Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in energy levels.

Diagram of an atom with labeled components including electrons orbiting and a nucleus made of protons and neutrons.

Obavezno

What is the charge of a proton in an atom?

Positive

Negative

Neutral

No charge

Obavezno

Where are neutrons located in an atom?

Electron cloud

Nucleus

Orbiting nucleus

Outside nucleus

Obavezno

Which subatomic particle defines the atomic number?

Nucleus

Electron

Proton

Neutron

Obavezno

What is the mass of an electron compared to a proton?

Equal

Very small

Larger

Same as neutron

Standard 2: Four Major Elements in the Human Body

These elements make up approximately 96% of the human body:

Carbon (C)
- Forms the backbone of organic molecules.
- Found in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Hydrogen (H)
- Present in water and organic compounds.
- Plays a role in energy production and pH balance.
Oxygen (O)
- Essential for cellular respiration.
- Major component of water and many organic molecules.
Nitrogen (N)
- Found in proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
- Important for growth, repair, and genetic information.

Diagram showing the percentage composition of elements in the human body, including oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and others.

Obavezno

Which of the following represents the majority of the Oxygen and Hydrogen Used in the Human Body

Standard 3: Compounds vs. Molecules

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together.
Can be made of the same element or different elements

Compound

A type of molecule that contains atoms of different elements.
Example: Water is a compound because it contains hydrogen and oxygen.

Key Difference:
All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds.

Diagram illustrating molecules, with separate sections for molecules of elements and molecules of compounds.

Obavezno

How can you tell a compound from a molecule?

All compounds are solids, molecules are liquids.

Molecules can only be gases, compounds can't.

Compounds consist of different elements; molecules don't.

Compounds have more atoms than molecules.

Obavezno

What is true about all compounds?

They are always found in solid form.

They always consist of two or more different elements.

They consist of only one type of element.

They cannot be broken down by chemical means.

Types of Chemical Bonds

Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
Results in charged particles called ions.
Example: Sodium chloride

Covalent Bonds

Formed when atoms share electrons.
Can involve single, double, or triple bonds.
Example: Water

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (like oxygen or nitrogen).
Important in maintaining the structure of DNA and the properties of water.

Diagram illustrating ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds with descriptions of electron transfer, sharing, and interactions.

Obavezno

What type of bond results from electron sharing between atoms?

Molecular bond

Covalent bond

Ionic bond

Hydrogen bond

Obavezno

Which bond involves the transfer of electrons?

Hydrogen bond

Ionic bond

Polar bond

Covalent bond

Obavezno

Hydrogen bonds are formed between molecules due to:

Shared electrons

Polar attraction.

Equal charge distribution

Shared protons

Obavezno

Which bond has the weakest interaction strength?

Covalent bond

Hydrogen bond

Ionic bond

Metallic bond

Obavezno

Which bond is common in water molecules?

Metallic bond

Covalent bond

Ionic bond

Hydrogen bond

Obavezno

Covalent bonds typically occur between which types of elements?

Metals and nonmetals

Nonmetals

Metals only

Noble gases

Obavezno

What is one characteristic of ionic bonds?

Conduct electricity in solids

High melting and boiling points.

Low melting points

Non-polar nature

Obavezno

Which bonds are usually strong and require large amounts of energy to break?

Metallic bonds

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Diagram showing a neutral atom becoming a cation by losing electrons and an anion by gaining electrons.

Standard 5: Ions in Solution (Electrolytes)

Electrolytes

Substances that dissolve in water to form ions.
Help conduct electrical signals in the body.
Important for muscle function, nerve impulses, and hydration.

Anion

A negatively charged ion.
Formed when an atom gains electrons.
Example: Chloride Cl-, Bicarbonate (baking soda)

Cation

A positively charged ion.
Formed when an atom loses electrons.
Example: Sodium Na+ , Calcium Ca2+

Obavezno

Which ion carries a positive charge?

Neutral Ion

Anion

Cation

Electron

Obavezno

Which of the following is a negatively charged ion?

Neutral Atom

Proton

Anion

Cation

Obavezno

Why are ions important in bodily fluids?

Regulate nerve and muscle function

Make fluids alkaline

Increase blood viscosity

Remove toxins from blood

Obavezno

What is a common example of a cation in the human body?

Chloride (Cl-)

Oxygen (O2)

Sodium (Na+)

Carbonate (CO3-)

Obavezno

What role do electrolytes play in the human body?

Protein synthesis

Oxygen transport only

Fat metabolism

Help maintain fluid balance and nerve function

Diagram showing the structure of a water molecule (H2O) including electron distribution and molecular geometry.

Standard 6: Properties and Functions of Water in the Human Body

Universal Solvent

Dissolves many substances, allowing chemical reactions to occur in cells.

Transport

Carries nutrients, hormones, and waste through blood and other fluids.

Lubricant

Reduces friction in joints and tissues (e.g., synovial fluid).

Heat Capacity

Absorbs and retains heat, helping regulate body temperature.

Chemical Reactions

Participates in reactions like hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.

Obavezno

What role does water play as a universal solvent in the body?

Dissolves substances for chemical reactions.

Increases body temperature.

Keeps the body hydrated.

Forms new substances.

Obavezno

How does water transport nutrients in the body?

Carries nutrients through blood and fluids.

Evaporates nutrients fast.

Breaks down nutrients chemically.

Absorbs nutrients directly.

Obavezno

What is the primary lubricant function of water in joints?

Increases pressure in joints.

Attracts more calcium to joints.

Makes joints stiff and rigid.

Reduces friction in joints and tissues.

Obavezno

How does water contribute to heat capacity in the body?

Cools the body without heat loss.

Regulates temperature by absorbing heat.

Heats the body through evaporation.

Releases heat to outside environment.

Obavezno

In which process does water participate to break down molecules?

Sublimation of solids.

Dehydration synthesis only.

Hydrolysis reactions in cells.

Evaporation of substances.

Obavezno

What is a function of water in chemical reactions?

Acts as a catalyst alone.

Participates in hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis.

Creates energy from reactions.

Stops reactions from occurring.

Obavezno

Why is water essential for nutrient transport?

Only stores them for later use.

Facilitates movement of substances in blood.

Prevents nutrients from breaking down.

Is not important for nutrient movement.

Obavezno

Which property allows water to reduce joint friction?

Acts as a lubricant in synovial fluid.

Increases joint flexibility.

Provides energy to muscles.

Creates a barrier in joints.

Standard 7: Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds

Inorganic Compounds

Do not contain carbon (with few exceptions like $CO_2$).
Small molecules.
Usually form ionic bonds.
Examples: Water ($H_2O$), Salt ($NaCl$)

Organic Compounds

Contain carbon, often bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.
Large, complex molecules.
Usually form covalent bonds.
Often flammable.
Examples: Glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$), DNA

Green stamp with the text 'Natural Product Organic.'

Obavezno

Which compound is an example of an inorganic compound?

Water (H₂O)

DNA

Starch

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

Obavezno

What type of bond is most common in inorganic compounds?

Metallic bonds

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Obavezno

Which element is primarily found in organic compounds?

Hydrogen

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Obavezno

What is a main role of proteins in the body?

Provide quick energy

Build and repair tissues

Transport oxygen

Store genetic information

Obavezno

Which macromolecule serves as the primary energy source?

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Nucleic acids

Lipids

Obavezno

What is a key characteristic of lipids?

Contain carbon and oxygen

Hydrophobic nature

Form ionic bonds

Water-soluble

Obavezno

Which of the following is NOT a carbohydrate?

Starch

Glucose

DNA

Cellulose

pH scale ranging from 0 to 14, with labels for acidic, neutral, and basic substances such as stomach acid, coffee, soap, and bleach.

Measures how acidic or basic a solution is (range: $0-14$).
Acidic: $pH < 7$ (e.g., stomach acid)
Neutral: $pH = 7$ (e.g., pure water)
Basic (Alkaline): $pH > 7$ (e.g., baking soda)

Normal range: 7.35 to 7.45
Slight changes can affect enzyme function and health.

Obavezno

What is the pH range for a neutral solution?

8-10

0-6

1-14

Obavezno

Which pH value indicates acidity?

Below 7

Between 7 and 10

Exactly 7

Above 7

Obavezno

What pH range is considered normal for blood?

7.0 to 7.5

7.5 to 8.0

6.5 to 7.0

7.35 to 7.45

Standard 10: Cellular Respiration and Energy Production

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Main energy currency of the cell.

Energy Conversion

$ATP \leftrightarrow ADP + P + \text{ENERGY}$
When ATP loses a phosphate group, it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and releases energy used for cellular processes.

Diagram of a cellular electron transport chain showing electron transfer, hydrogen ion movement, and ATP synthesis.

Obavezno

What occurs when ATP loses a phosphate group?

It converts to ADP and releases energy.

It transforms into glucose and stores energy.

It becomes AMP and gains energy.

It forms a protein and releases waste.

Obavezno

Why is ATP considered the energy currency of the cell?

It absorbs energy from sunlight directly.

It carries genetic information to the nucleus.

It provides energy for cellular processes.

It helps in protein synthesis only.

Obavezno

Which reaction describes ATP releasing energy?

ATP → ADP + P + Energy released.

Energy + ADP → ATP + P formed.

ATP + Energy → ADP + P produced.

ADP + P → ATP + Energy lost.