| arrow_right_alt | Series of land trade routes connecting China to Europe through the Middle East. |
| arrow_right_alt | First European explorer to circumnavigate the globe. |
| arrow_right_alt | Wealthy and powerful Muslim state that ruled over modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India. |
| arrow_right_alt | Strategically located city in Indonesia; both Portugal and the Netherlands conquered it to take control of the spice trade. |
| arrow_right_alt | Portuguese missionary who adopted Chinese customs in an effort to convert upper class Chinese to Catholicism. |
| arrow_right_alt | British diplomat who, by refusing to kowtow to the Chinese emperor, ruined the potential trade relationship between Britain and China in the 1790s. |
| arrow_right_alt | National policy of noninvolvement with other countries or international affairs. |
| arrow_right_alt | Japanese military government that ended years of civil conflict, centralized power, and banned foreigners. |
| arrow_right_alt | Territory off the southern coast of China that was colonized and administered by Portugal. |
| arrow_right_alt | Government-chartered company created to manage the Netherlands' colonies. |