Changing Urban Systems - Deindustrialization 10 Mark Essay

Mark Scheme

1. Causes of Deindustrialization – Students should identify and explain several causes. Possible causes might include:Globalization and the movement of manufacturing to countries with lower labor costs (e.g., the shift of factories from the UK to Asia). Technological advancements that have reduced the need for labor in manufacturing. Environmental regulations and the desire for sustainable practices, leading to relocation or closure of polluting industries. Market changes and reduced demand for traditional manufacturing outputs.
2. Consequences of Deindustrialization – Students should discuss both social and economic impacts, potentially including:Unemployment and job losses in affected areas, leading to economic decline (e.g., Rust Belt cities in the United States). Urban decay, population decline, and reduced local tax revenue. Social issues like increased crime rates, poverty, and reduced quality of life. Economic restructuring, with cities shifting to service-based economies, though this transition may not be smooth.
3. Examples – Effective answers will refer to specific case studies. Examples could include:Detroit, USA – Automotive industry decline and its social impact. Sheffield, UK – Decline of steel manufacturing and urban regeneration efforts. Osaka, Japan – Decline of traditional manufacturing and shift towards technology sectors.
4. Evaluation – Strong responses should critically evaluate the impacts, acknowledging that some regions may have successfully transitioned to new economic sectors, while others struggle with ongoing socioeconomic issues.