SciAcad1_Final_Semester1 (12/10/2024)

Heat is thermal energy flowing from a lower temperature object to a higher temperature object.

Heat is thermal energy flowing from a higher temperature object to a lower temperature object.

The total heat contained in an object is the same as its temperature.

Heat is the total amount of energy associated with an object.

when the substance is in it gaseous state

when the substance is undergoing a phase change

when it has reached its specific heat capacity

when its molecules are gaining kinetic energy

convection

conduction

radiation

heat of fusion

different materials

different specific heats

different masses

all of the above

when the objects are in thermal equilibrium

when all the thermal energy has transferred to the cooler object

when the cooler object cannot absorb more thermal energy

when the objects have both changed temperature by the same amount

Both changes absorb energy as reactants become products

Both changes release energy as reactants become products

An exothermic reaction absorbs energy, and an endothermic reaction releases energy

An endothermic reaction absorbs energy, and an exothermic reaction releases energy.

The temperature change of the metal is equal to the temperature change of the water

The amount of energy lost by the metal is equal to the amount of energy gained by the water

Energy flows from the metal to the water until they are at the same temperature

Energy flows from the water to the metal until they are at the same temperature

It is more like the flow of energy during melting because both processes absorb energy.

It is more like the flow of energy during freezing because both processes absorb energy.

It is more like the flow of energy during melting because both processes release energy

It is more like the flow of energy during freezing because both processes release energy.

Residence time describes the amount of time a particle takes to enter a region or reservoir.

Residence time describes the amount of time a particle remains in a region or reservoir.

Both A and B are correct

Neither A nor B is correct.

radiation, convection, and conduction

weathering, erosion, and deposition

nuclear fission and nuclear fusion

photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation

Earth's rotation

Earth's revolution

Earth's axial tilt

Earth's distribution of land and water

carbon cycle

nitrogen cycle

phosphorus cycle

water cycle

a carbon source

a carbon sink

a carbon cycle

carbon cell

the transfer of thermal energy from Earth's surface toward its core

the transfer of thermal energy from Earth's core toward its surface

the transfer of radioactive materials outward from Earth's interior

the transfer of electromagnetic energy inward from Earth's surface

Earth's core does not contain high percentages of iron and nickel.

When Earth was still molten, gravity pulled dense elements down to Earth's center.

Metallic elements are attracted to Earth's center due to the magnetic fields it generates.

Centrifugal force generated by Earth's rotation pulls denser minerals toward the planet's center.

asthenosphere, mesosphere, lithosphere, outer core, inner core

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

outer core, inner core, mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere

outer core, inner core, lithosphere, mesosphere, asthenosphere,

along divergent boundaries only

only convergent boundaries only

along both divergent and convergent boundaries

none of the above

The drifting continents align along an east-west axis.

The drifting continents align along a north-south axis.

The continents drift in opposite directions along the equator.

None of these scenarios would likely result in more pronounced evolution.

Much of the evidence was destroyed as the continents collided and were broken apart.

Much of the evidence is buried under hundreds of kilometers of rock.

both A and B

neither A nor B

divergent boundaries

convergent boundaries

hot spots

all of the above

The lava consists almost entirely of iron and magnesium, with less than 10 percent silica.

The lava is 40–50 percent silica, with a relatively high percentage of iron and magnesium.

The lava consists mostly of silica; it formed from magma that melted through continental crust at a convergent boundary.

The lava consists mostly of silica; it formed from magma that melted through oceanic crust at a divergent boundary.

As tectonic plates move apart, mantle pressure decreases and magma wells up from Earth’s interior.

As a tectonic plate moves over a relatively stationary plume of magma, the magma plume melts through the lithosphere.

As a tectonic plate is subducted along a trench, it is recycled back into Earth's mantle, where it melts and becomes buoyant as it mixes with water and sediments.

As tectonic plates move horizontally past each other, the resulting friction produces powerful earthquakes, which open holes in Earth's crust through which magma can escape.

207 protons, no neutrons, and 207 electrons

125 protons, 82 neutrons, and 125 electrons

82 protons, 125 neutrons, and 82 electrons

82 protons, 207 neutrons, and 82 electrons

0 amu; neutral

1 amu; neutral

1 amu; positive

0 amu; positive

the proton

the neutron

the electron

the proton and the neutron

It must lose two electrons.

It must gain two electrons.

It must lose two protons.

It must gain two protons.

an atom with 8 protons, 7 neutrons, and 8 electrons

an atom with 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons

an atom with 9 protons, 6 neutrons, and 9 electrons

an atom with 7 protons, 8 neutrons, and 7 electrons

Scientists realized that electrons did not continually lose energy.

Scientists realized that electrons could not be located in defined orbits.

Scientists realized that electrons could move from one energy level to another.

Scientists realized that electrons have different energies depending on their location within an atom.

that light's position and velocity cannot both be measured at the same time

that the speed of light is equivalent to its frequency multiplied by its wavelength

that light at times behaves like a particle and at other times like a wave

that light cannot be described in a useful way because of conflicting characteristics

The 2s orbitals are filled.

The 3p orbitals are filled.

The orbital diagram violates Hund's rule.

none of the above

orbital

ionic

covalent

valence

Si

O

F

Xe

Ar, Kr

H, He

F, Cl

O, S

9

27

4

18

they have one valence electron

they have two valence electrons

they have seven valence electrons

they have eight valence electrons

Atomic number increases from right to left

Atomic mass increases from left to right

Periods contain whole families

Periods contain whole groups

up a column on the periodic table

down a column on the periodic table

from left to right across the periodic table

from the bottom-left to the top-right of the periodic table

up a column on the periodic table

down a column on the periodic table

from right to left across the periodic table

from the top-right to the bottom-left of the periodic table

an electron moving around an atomic nucleus

a particle moving at a constant, near-light speed

a person jumping in the air inside a turning vehicle

several billiard balls interacting on a billiard table

3

2

1

0

the forces that act on the object

the object's dimensions

the object's temperature

the object's charge

Force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

Force is inversely proportional to the distance.

Force is directly proportional to the square of the distance.

Force is directly proportional to the distance.

specific places

single units

one direction only

pairs

a bicycle

a compact car

a tractor trailer

a tractor trailer loaded with foam rubber

25 meters/second²

50.5 meters/second²

49.5 meters/seconds²

100 meters/second²

20 grams

60 grams

100 grams

200 grams

a straight line

a curved path

a cyclic motion

a wave-like manner

it is not moving

it is spinning around

it is changing speed or direction

it continues at the same speed

constant

vector

scalar

ratio

a force acting at 45°

a velocity directed diagonally upward

an acceleration acting at 45°

a displacement northeast

3 N north

a little longer than 4 N northeast

3 N south

a little longer than 3 N north by northwest

the satellite cannot escape Earth's atmosphere

Earth's magnetic field attracts the satellite and keeps it in orbit

directional rocket boosters constantly turn the satellite into its curved path

gravity between Earth and the satellite exerts a force perpendicular to the satellite's velocity

displacement.

velocity.

time.

speed.

13 m/s north

8 m/s northeast

4.2 m/s northeast

4.2 m/s southwest

applying a force parallel to its direction

applying a force perpendicular to its direction

accelerating the object into uniform circular motion

adding a perpendicular component to the velocity

0.39 m/s2

2.6 m/s2

5.2 m/s2

8.2 m/s2

static friction

kinetic friction

the force of gravity

normal force

increases as it falls

decreases as it falls

is constant

depends on the vertical velocity

west

east

down

up

The velocity is constant.

The acceleration is constant.

The position is constant.

The acceleration is decreasing.

Total momentum in a closed system is conserved.

Gravitational potential energy converts to kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy converts to gravitational potential energy.

Mass is conserved.

8.0 m/s

23 m/s

32 m/s

420 m/s

they are unchanged

momentum has increased and energy is the same

momentum is the same and energy has decreased

both have decreased

mv²

mv

p

E

F

v