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S1 Final Exam Review - History (AKS 31-34)

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77 questions

The Impact of European exploration and settlement on American Indians in Georgia.


AKS 31a: Describe the characteristics of American Indians living in Georgia at the time of European contact; to include culture, food, weapons/tools, and shelter.

Before 800 CE, three prehistoric American Indian cultures, the Paleo, Archaic, and Woodland, inhabited southeastern North America. However, the Mississippian American Indians were the primary inhabitants of Georgia when the Spanish arrived in the mid-1500s. The Mississippians established a complex chiefdom society around 800 CE, characterized by a hierarchy of elites and commoners. They built large towns near rivers, featuring central plazas with earthen mounds used for religious and social purposes. Some of their towns were surrounded by palisades and moats, indicating that they defended themselves from rival tribes.

Mississippian towns housed thousands of families in one-room wattle and daub shelters. A trade network connected these towns, exchanging raw materials and finished goods like shell beads, pottery, and stone tools. The Mississippians practiced horticulture and later large-scale agriculture, primarily cultivating maize, along with squash, sunflowers, pumpkins, and beans. Their farming techniques involved planting a variety of crops together, allowing taller corn to shield lower plants from the sun.

Ritual tobacco was grown, but hunting and gathering remained essential to their diet, which included deer, rabbits, fish, and seasonal fruits. The Mississippians refined stone tools for hunting and agriculture. Following interactions with the Spanish, many Mississippians succumbed to disease, leading to the eventual formation of the historic Creek and Cherokee tribes.
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This is a diagram of Mississippian Social Hierarchy (organization). Use the image help you answer the question.
What kind of structure would have been located at the "Paramount Center"?

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This is a diagram of Mississippian Social Hierarchy (organization). Use the image help you answer the question.
What types of leaders lived at the Paramount Center?

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What type of shelters did the Mississippian American Indians use in Georgia during the time of European contact?

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According to the map, which states were once part of the Mississippian Culture? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY

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What agriculture practice did the Mississippian American Indians follow?

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What was unique about the towns built by the Mississippian American Indians in Georgia?

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What was part of the Mississippian American Indians' diet at the time of European contact?

AKS 31b: explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America

European nations explored North America, particularly the Southeast, for various reasons, primarily driven by economic competition among the French, Dutch, Spanish, and English. Each nation aimed to establish a large empire for political and economic dominance.
  • Spain was motivated by the three G’s: God, Gold, and Glory. Spanish conquistadores aimed to convert American Indians to Christianity, acquire gold for the Spanish crown, and seek personal fame. They neglected the need for self-sustaining colonies while pursuing wealth.
  • England sought to establish permanent colonies in North America to support mercantilism, an economic policy focused on exporting more than importing. The colonies produced raw materials for the "mother country," which were then turned into finished products and sold back to the colonists. Additionally, the desire for religious freedom and new beginnings contributed to the establishment of these colonies.
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What is the name of the process illustrated in the diagram above?

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Which of the following groups wanted to establish permanent colonies?

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Which of the following groups wanted to practice Mercatilism?

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Which of the following groups wanted to convert Native Americans to Catholicism?

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What drove European exploration and settlement of North America?

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What motivated Spanish exploration in North America?

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What was England's primary economic policy that influenced colonization?

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Besides economic reasons, what else influenced England's colonization?

AKS 31c: evaluate the impact of Spanish contact on American Indians, including the explorations of Hernando DeSoto and the establishment of Spanish missions along the barrier islands

Spanish exploration significantly affected American Indian culture in Georgia, particularly through Hernando DeSoto, the first known European explorer in the region. DeSoto's quest for gold and glory resulted in the starvation and death of many American Indians. Without a clear exploration plan, he and his men moved from Florida into southwest Georgia, where they were often misled by the American Indians about the existence of gold to protect their villages.

Although DeSoto did not find gold, his expeditions introduced Europe to southeastern North America and provided early insights into the Mississippian chiefdom culture through the journals kept by his men. His journey also had negative consequences, introducing pigs and devastating diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza to American Indian communities.

Following DeSoto's unsuccessful expedition, which ended with his death near the Mississippi River, French and Spanish efforts to explore and colonize the southeast increased. The most notable Spanish colonization occurred during the "Mission Period" from 1568 to 1684, when several missions were established on barrier islands and the mainland, aimed at converting American Indians to Catholicism and encouraging them to adopt Spanish political and economic systems.

Unmarried American Indian males were obligated to work in Saint Augustine, significantly altering their society. However, the close contact with the Spanish led to disease and cultural disruption. By the mid-1600s, the mission system was in decline, with British influence inciting American Indian raids. By the 1680s, Spanish missions were abandoned, and a pirate raid in 1684 forced the remaining mission American Indians into Florida, marking the end of the Spanish mission period in Georgia.
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According to the map, which of the following explorers traveled to Georgia?

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Who was the first known European explorer in Georgia?

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What was the common negative consequence of Spanish contact with American Indians?

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What did the Spanish aim to achieve through the 'Missions'?

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What marked the end of the Spanish mission period in Georgia?

Georgia's Colonial Period


AKS 32a: explain the importance of the Charter of 1732, including the reasons for settlement (philanthropy, economics, and defense)

Georgia’s Charter of 1732 serves as a significant document that outlines the reasons for the establishment of the colony and the provisions made for the colonists. The colony was founded primarily for three reasons: philanthropy, economics, and defense. Among these, the most notable success was Georgia's role in defending South Carolina against Spanish threats.

Philanthropy
James Oglethorpe, motivated by concerns over prison conditions for debtors, aimed to create a colony for the "worthy poor." Unfortunately, no debtors were released from prison to settle in Georgia. The Charter of 1732 established guidelines for the new colony, attracting many skilled craftsmen seeking a fresh start. Incentives such as land grants (50 acres, or 500 acres if settlers paid their own passage), a year’s food supply, and agricultural supplies encouraged many to immigrate.

Economics
Mercantilism influenced Georgia’s establishment, with Trustees hoping to cultivate four key agricultural products: rice, indigo, wine, and silk, which were not successfully produced in England. Silk production was prioritized, requiring colonists to grow mulberry trees for silkworms. Although tobacco was grown, it did not gain importance until later. Ultimately, these crops did not achieve the desired success during the colony's early years.

Defense
Defense was the primary reason for Georgia's founding, serving as a military buffer against Spanish Florida, especially during the 1730s when South Carolina was a thriving British colony. Oglethorpe constructed forts and brought in Highland Scots to strengthen defenses. The War of Jenkins’ Ear highlighted Georgia's strategic importance, with Oglethorpe's failed attack on St. Augustine followed by a significant victory at the Battle of Bloody Marsh, which deterred further Spanish threats.

The Charter imposed strict guidelines on the colonists, including prohibitions on alcohol and slavery, to promote a society of small farmers rather than large plantations. It also restricted certain groups, including Catholics and liquor dealers, from settling in the colony. Despite these regulations, the arrival of Portuguese Jews, led by Dr. Samuel Nunes, proved crucial in addressing medical issues within the colony.
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What were the three primary reasons for establishing the Georgia colony according to the Charter of 1732?

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What was the main motivation for James Oglethorpe's philanthropic efforts in the Georgia colony?

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In terms of economics, what did the Trustees hope to cultivate in Georgia?

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Why was defense highlighted as Georgia's primary reason for being founded?

AKS 32b: analyze the relationship between James Oglethorpe, Tomochichi, and Mary Musgrove in establishing the city of Savannah at Yamacraw Bluff

The relationships between James Edward Oglethorpe, Chief Tomochichi, and Mary Musgrove were crucial for the founding of Savannah at Yamacraw Bluff. Tomochichi's gift of land to Oglethorpe significantly influenced the colony's location. Their alliance was mutually beneficial; Oglethorpe offered protection and trade opportunities, while Musgrove facilitated communication and negotiations through her language skills. She expanded her trade network and received land grants in return for her assistance.

Oglethorpe, often regarded as the "founder" and "first governor" of Georgia, was motivated by the plight of debtors after the death of his friend Robert Castell in prison. Although his vision of a debtor colony didn’t materialize as planned, he succeeded in establishing Georgia with the support of 20 Trustees, being the only one to travel there. Oglethorpe's leadership included fostering relationships with various groups, including Jewish, Scottish, and German immigrants, and engaging in military conflicts against the Spanish.

Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraw Indians, recognized the potential benefits of an alliance with the British over the Spanish. His friendship with Oglethorpe, supported by Musgrove's translation services, facilitated cooperation between the settlers and the Native Americans. Tomochichi's legacy was honored with a burial in Savannah with military honors upon his death in 1739.

Mary Musgrove, born to a Creek mother and British father, played a vital role as a translator and businesswoman. After managing a trading post established with her husband, she became a key figure in colonial affairs, serving as Oglethorpe’s interpreter and Indian liaison. Despite facing challenges in securing her land rights, she ultimately reached a compromise with Georgia's Royal Governor in 1760, gaining St. Catherine’s Island.

Savannah's establishment on February 12, 1733, was made possible through the collaboration of Oglethorpe, Tomochichi, and Musgrove. The city was designed with European influences, featuring a grid layout with squares and parks. Today, Savannah is celebrated for its exemplary 18th-century town planning, with 22 of the original 24 squares still in existence.
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Which of the following timelines illustrates the correct order of events in establishing Georgia's first settlement of Savannah?

AKS 32c: evaluate the role of diverse groups (Jews, Salzburgers, Highland Scots, and Malcontents) settling Georgia during the Trustee Period

The Trustee Period in Georgia was an ambitious social and economic experiment that ultimately failed. The Trustees, primarily religious reformers, aimed to establish a colony of self-sufficient farmers who would not rely on alcohol or slavery. Meanwhile, the British government hoped the colony would produce agricultural goods that had to be imported, such as silk and wine, but these efforts did not yield significant profits. Nevertheless, Georgia served as a buffer colony, successfully defending against Spanish threats from Florida.

The period ended prematurely in 1751, a year before the Charter of 1732 was set to expire, due to the departure of James Oglethorpe and complaints from the Malcontents regarding the ban on rum and their desire for slavery.

Portuguese Jews were among the first settlers, arriving shortly after Oglethorpe. Initially banned, they were allowed to settle when a doctor among them, Dr. Samuel Nunes, offered medical assistance during a fever outbreak. They eventually established Congregation Mickve Israel, the oldest Jewish congregation in the South.

The Salzburgers, German-speaking Protestant refugees, also played a significant role. They initially settled in a swampy area but later moved to a better location called New Ebenezer. They became successful colonists, creating a water-powered grist mill, a Sunday school, and an orphanage, while remaining strictly anti-slavery.
The Highland Scots, brought by Oglethorpe due to their military reputation, settled in Darien. Like the Salzburgers, they valued hard work and religion but had different backgrounds. They fought in key battles, and their descendants significantly influenced Georgia's history.

Discontent among colonists, particularly the Malcontents, arose from restrictions on land ownership, slavery, and rum. Their protests eventually led to the legalization of slavery by 1750, marking the end of the Trustee Period.
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What were the Trustees' original plans for the colony of Georgia?

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Why were Portuguese Jews permitted to settle in Georgia despite the initial ban?

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What was a significant contribution of Salzburgers to the Georgian colony?

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What was the main reason for the grievances of the Malcontents?

AKS 32d: explain the transition of Georgia into a royal colony with regard to land ownership, slavery, alcohol, and government

During the transition from the Trustee period to the Royal period, significant changes occurred in Georgia. The Trustees surrendered the colony's charter to the British government due to economic and social frustrations, leading to relaxed land ownership rules. More land could be purchased, and women were permitted to own land, resulting in population growth from settlers and enslaved people.

Slavery became increasingly desired among colonists to compete with neighboring South Carolina. By 1749, slavery was officially allowed, and the enslaved population surged from 500 to 18,000 by 1775. Enslaved individuals had no rights, faced punishment for rule violations, and were crucial to the booming agricultural economy, particularly in rice production.

Alcohol trade, specifically rum, also influenced the colony. The prohibition against rum was lifted by 1742, and production increased thereafter. Governance shifted to the king with the Royal period, and royal governors were appointed. John Reynolds became the first royal governor in 1754 but faced opposition from the General Assembly and was eventually replaced by Henry Ellis, who improved relations with the Creek nation and established new parishes.
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According to the chart, what was the goal for Oglethorpe in creating the Georgia colony?

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Why did the Trustees surrender the colony's charter to the British government?

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How did the transition to the Royal period impact land ownership in Georgia?

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What contributed to the growth of enslaved population from 500 to 18,000 by 1775?

AKS 32e: give examples of the kinds of goods and services produced and traded in colonial Georgia (include wine, rice, indigo, silk, and tobacco)

Colonial Georgia had a brief and underdeveloped colonial experience compared to other British colonies, with the smallest population. After the removal of economic restrictions, the economy improved rapidly. Colonists focused on agricultural success, particularly through silk production, aiming to compete with industries in France and Italy. Mulberry trees were planted to feed silkworms, and skilled Italian silk makers were brought in, leading to silk exports to Britain within a year. However, the silk industry struggled due to unfavorable seasonal temperatures and was eventually replaced by cotton.

Rice emerged as Georgia's first staple crop, becoming a profitable commodity along the coast. The end of slavery restrictions in 1750 facilitated the growth of large rice plantations, especially along the Savannah, Ogeechee, Altamaha, and Satilla rivers, expanding production to 40,000 acres.

Indigo, valued for its bluish-purple dye, also became significant, with Georgia exporting 4,500 pounds in 1755 and peaking at over 22,000 pounds in 1770. However, the production process negatively impacted the health of enslaved workers.
Colonial Georgia produced other goods like timber, tobacco, and furs, and trades included blacksmithing and tailoring. Trade partners comprised American Indians, South Carolina, and various European nations.
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What factors affected the development of the silk industry in colonial Georgia?

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Which crop emerged as Georgia's first staple crop?

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What was the main health concern related to the production of Indigo?

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Who were the trade partners of colonial Georgia?

Georgia in the American Revolution

AKS 33a: Explain the causes of the American Revolution as they impacted Georgia; include the French and Indian War, Proclamation of 1763, and the Stamp Act.

The traditional causes of the Revolution influenced Georgia differently than other colonies. The French and Indian War (1754-1763) primarily affected regions outside Georgia, but after Britain's victory, Georgia's borders expanded significantly, reaching the St. Mary’s River to the south and the Mississippi River to the west. The economic aftermath of the war led to two key developments: the Proclamation of 1763 and a series of taxes, including the Stamp Act of 1765, which stirred colonial unrest.

The Proclamation of 1763, issued by King George III, restricted colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains to maintain peace with American Indian tribes. While other colonists were frustrated, Georgia's response was muted due to its small size and the fact that many settlers were still concentrated along the coast. Additionally, Georgia gained land from the Spanish and American Indian allies after the war, which was south of the Proclamation's boundary.

As Britain sought to recover war debts, Parliament imposed new taxes, leading to protests across the colonies. The Stamp Act, which taxed everyday items such as newspapers and legal documents, sparked significant outrage. While other colonies reacted with violence, Georgia's response was less intense due to its small population and reliance on British support. However, some prominent Georgians opposed the Stamp Act, and on November 6, 1765, the “Liberty Boys,” a group linked to the Sons of Liberty, was formed to resist this taxation.
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Which country was no longer in North America after the French & Indian War?

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Which of the following BEST completes the chart?

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What were the colonists protesting in the image?

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Why did colonists create this?

AKS 33b: Interpret the three parts of the Declaration of Independence (preamble, grievances, and declaration) and identify the three Georgia signers of the document.

The Declaration of Independence was the document officially declaring the colonies’ independence from Great Britain. It was adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The declaration was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.

By July 1776 in Georgia, Royal Governor James Wright had been ousted from power and the colony was under the rule of the Patriots. Three Georgians, Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, and George Walton, attended the Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence on behalf of the Georgia colony.

The Declaration of Independence is a document that is divided into three parts. The first part, the Preamble, explains to the reader about the natural rights of all people (though this has been debated), states the reasons for the document, and includes the famous quote “We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

The second part includes a list of grievances against King George III including “imposing taxes without our consent” and “quartering large bodies of troops among us.” The list details why the colonies deemed independence necessary.

The final part is the actual “declaration of independence” and is where the colonists officially severed ties from Great Britain, the mother country. Note: Students should also understand that the patriots who signed this document, including John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin, put their lives on the line. Their signing the document made them officially guilty of treason. Had Britain won the war, these men would more than likely have been executed as traitors to their country. Three men signed the Declaration of Independence on behalf of the Georgia colony.
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Which of the following would make the BEST title for this list?

AKS 33c: Analyze the significance of the Loyalists and Patriots as a part of Georgia’s role in the Revolutionary War; include the Battle of Kettle Creek and Siege of Savannah.

The Loyalists were colonists in Georgia who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the break from the mother country. Many prosperous Georgians were hesitant to challenge British rule, including influential figures like Royal Governor James Wright and landowner Thomas Brown, who even fought against fellow Georgians siding with the Patriots. After the war, most Loyalist landowners forfeited their properties and left Georgia, and they were also known as Tories.

In contrast, the Patriots, though outnumbered, began to organize as tensions escalated due to Britain's response to colonial protests. Prominent leaders such as John Houstoun, George Walton, Archibald Bulloch, and Noble W. Jones encouraged radical action through a broadside invitation to a meeting at Tondee’s Tavern on July 27, 1774. Despite this, many Georgians prioritized maintaining a strong British presence for protection against American Indians.

As the war progressed, British control extended in Georgia, similar to Philadelphia and New York. However, morale surged for the Patriots after their victory at the Battle of Kettle Creek on February 14, 1779. Led by Elijah Clarke and John Dooly, the Patriot militia defeated a Loyalist encampment, revitalizing their cause. Clarke and Austin Dabney, a Black soldier in the militia, emerged as heroes.

In 1778, the British recaptured Savannah, making Georgia the only colony officially retaken by Britain during the war. The Siege of Savannah in October 1779, involving a joint force of French and Patriot troops, ended in failure, resulting in significant casualties among the allies. Despite this setback, heroes like Count Casimir Pulaski and Sergeant William Jasper emerged, alongside a group of Black soldiers from Haiti who played a crucial role in protecting the retreating allied forces. Savannah remained under British control until 1782.
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Based on the map, for what reason was control of Savannah of great importance to both the Patriots as well as the British?

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Who were the Loyalists in the context of Georgia during the Revolutionary War?

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What was the significance of the Battle of Kettle Creek?

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What was a common reason for some Georgians to side with the Loyalists?

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What resulted from the Siege of Savannah?

AKS 33d: Analyze the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and explain how those weaknesses led to the writing of the new federal Constitution.

America's first written constitution, the Articles of Confederation (AOC), governed the nation from 1776 to 1789. The AOC established a weak central government, reflecting Americans' desire for autonomy after their experience with Britain's monarchy. However, its limitations hindered effective governance.

Powers Under the AOC:

National Government Powers:
  • Declare war
  • Coin money
  • Establish post offices
  • Send and recall ambassadors
National Government Limitations:
  • Cannot levy taxes (had to request funds from states)
  • Unable to regulate trade between states (states could impose tariffs)
Key Weaknesses:
  • No executive or judicial branches
  • Each state had its own currency
  • Unanimous consent needed to amend the Articles
  • Equal voting per state, regardless of population size
By 1787, the founders recognized that the AOC's weaknesses prevented effective governance amidst threats from European powers and internal disputes. The inability to raise revenue or maintain an army led to significant challenges in passing laws.

During the Constitutional Convention, held in 1787, delegates aimed to revise the AOC but ultimately created a new constitution that has governed for over 200 years. Significant agreements included the Three-Fifths Compromise, allowing enslaved people to count as three-fifths of a person for population purposes, and the Great Compromise, establishing a bicameral legislature with equal Senate representation and population-based House representation.

Georgians contributed significantly to the Convention, notably through their support for slavery, which influenced the Three-Fifths Compromise. Abraham Baldwin played a crucial role by voting with small states during the Congressional representation debate, helping to facilitate the Great Compromise. This act was regarded as one of his greatest accomplishments.
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What was MOST LIKELY the result of the weakness of the Articles of Confederation depicted in the comic?

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What was the Effect of the Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?

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What is the political cartoon saying about the Articles of Confederation (AOC)?

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Which of the following was a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?

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Why were the Articles of Confederation deemed weak?

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What was the role of Georgians during the Constitutional Convention?

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What was the key outcome of the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

Georgia's Westward Expansion


AKS 33a: Explain reasons for the establishment of the University of Georgia, and for the westward movement of Georgia’s capitals.

In January 1785, Georgia's General Assembly established the University of Georgia, marking it as the first state-chartered institution of higher education in the United States. Abraham Baldwin, a signer of the U.S. Constitution, drafted its charter, advocating for universal education as essential for a free government. He served as the university's president from 1785 to 1801.The focus of UGA's history also reflects Georgia's westward movement, coinciding with the cession of American Indian territory.

Georgia has had five cities serve as its state capital throughout history:
  1. Savannah: Initially the colonial capital, Savannah was the center of government when the Trustees ended their period of control. The first state constitution in 1777 directed the legislature to meet there, but the capital moved due to British military actions during the Revolutionary War.
  2. Augusta: As the Patriots sought safety, Augusta became the capital. However, it was considered too far east as the population moved westward.
  3. Louisville: From 1796 to 1807, Louisville served as the third capital, chosen for its central location and potential as a trading center on the Ogeechee River. Its capital status ended due to malaria outbreaks and the population’s westward shift.
  4. Milledgeville: Named after Governor John Milledge, it was the capital for sixty years. The city remained the capital during the Civil War but was eventually abandoned. After the war, the legislature reconvened there.
  5. Atlanta: The final capital, Atlanta was officially designated as such in 1868 after the Civil War. The growing population and improved rail access were key factors in its selection. Although there were suggestions to move the capital to Macon in 1919, Atlanta remains the state capital today.
Use the acronym S.A.L.M.A. to remember Savannah, Augusta, Louisville, Milledgeville, and Atlanta.
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Why has Georgia's capital moved several times?

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What key belief was advocated by Abraham Baldwin in the University of Georgia's charter?

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Why was Louisville chosen as Georgia's third capital?

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Why did Atlanta become the final state capital?

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Name Georgia's 1st Capital

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Name Georgia's 2nd Capital

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Name Georgia's 3rd Capital

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Name Georgia's 4th Capital

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Name Georgia's 5th Capital

AKS 33b: Evaluate the impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; include the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo Land Fraud.

After the American Revolution, Georgia acquired extensive land from American Indians who had allied with the British, claiming territory that extended to the Mississippi River. Revolutionary War veterans and other citizens believed in their right to land ownership in these new areas, supported by principles from the Declaration of Independence. However, the distribution of this land became contentious, and several policies emerged, including the headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo Land Act.

The headright system, implemented by 1783, allocated thousands of acres to soldiers and allowed heads of households (white men over 21) to claim up to 200 acres, with additional land for those with families or enslaved people. This system collapsed due to a surplus of claimants and insufficient land.

The Yazoo Act of 1795 sold large portions of land destined to become Alabama and Mississippi to four land companies for $500,000. Following allegations of bribery involving the Georgia General Assembly, widespread protests erupted. U.S. Senator James Jackson, outraged, returned to Georgia, took over the General Assembly, and nullified the Yazoo Act. In 1802, Georgia ceded the land to the U.S. government for $1.25 million, ensuring the removal of the Creek Indians and relinquishing claims to Indian lands, marking the controversy as the Yazoo Land Fraud.

The final method of land allocation was the land lottery system, used from 1805 to 1833. Eight lotteries allowed average Georgians to acquire substantial land for a small fee by submitting their names and purchasing tickets. Participants' names and land lots were drawn, with opportunities for multiple entries based on age, marital status, and military service. This system ultimately distributed three-quarters of Georgia’s land to 100,000 families.
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What do these two systems have in common?

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Which two states were created by the Yazoo Act?

AKS 33c: Explain how technological developments, including the cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia’s growth.

In the early nineteenth century, two significant technological advancements transformed life in Georgia: the cotton gin and the railroad.

The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, revolutionized cotton production. This machine allowed farmers to efficiently separate seeds from cotton lint, increasing productivity from one pound to fifty pounds per day. While it turned cotton into a profitable crop and fueled economic growth, it also resulted in a tragic rise in slavery, as landowners increasingly relied on enslaved labor to maximize profits. The demand for cotton led to westward expansion and solidified the South's dominance in global cotton production by the end of the century.

However, this dependence on a single crop posed risks. The South’s focus on cotton persisted through the Civil War, and it wasn't until the boll weevil crisis in the early 1900s that diversification in agriculture became necessary.

The railroad significantly impacted Georgia's development as well. The first railroad in Georgia was chartered in 1832 to improve cotton transport. By the 1840s and 1850s, Georgia had one of the largest rail networks in the South, facilitating the growth of cities like Atlanta, initially known as Terminus. Atlanta was unique as it was the first major American city built without a navigable river, emphasizing the railroad's role in urban development.

Both the cotton gin and the railroad fundamentally altered Georgia’s economy and society, with lasting implications for its future.
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Which BEST completes the diagram?

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Which is the BEST title for the outline?

AKS 33d: Describe the role of William McIntosh in the removal of the Creek from Georgia.
The Creek Nation, a confederation of southeastern tribes, was the most populous tribe in Georgia and held significant land. During Georgia's colonial period, the Creek became key trading partners with the colony, leading to intermarriage between white Georgians and the Creek, fostering hopes that the Creek would join the plantation economy. While some adapted, many preserved their traditional lifestyle, and interactions with runaway enslaved people led to opposition against slavery among the Creek.

The Creek sided with the English during the American Revolution, creating tension with white Georgians. Following the decline of the deer trade, pressure mounted for Creek land cessions, culminating in the Treaty of New York in 1790, which required the Creeks to cede land east of the Ocmulgee River to the U.S. A civil war, known as the Red Stick War, erupted among the Creek in 1813, resulting in a defeat by Andrew Jackson and the loss of 22 million acres of land.
In 1825, Chief William McIntosh signed the Treaty of Indian Springs, ceding the remaining Creek land in Georgia after accepting a bribe. McIntosh, whose connections to prominent Georgian families influenced his loyalty to the U.S., faced backlash from his tribe for his decisions, especially during the Red Stick War. The Creek Nation executed McIntosh on April 30, 1825, due to his perceived betrayal. Despite this, the Second Treaty of Indian Springs resulted in the official removal of the Creek Nation from Georgia.
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Who was William McIntosh?

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What was William McIntosh's role in the Treaty of Indian Springs?

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What was the outcome for McIntosh after the Treaty of Indian Springs?

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What was the Second Treaty of Indian Springs' impact on the Creek Nation?

AKS 33e: Analyze how key people (John Ross, John Marshall, and Andrew Jackson) and events (Dahlonega Gold Rush and Worcester v. Georgia) led to the removal of the Cherokees from Georgia known as the Trail of Tears.

The Cherokee people inhabited the mountains of North Georgia long before Spanish exploration. Following the settlement of South Carolina and Georgia by the English, the Cherokee became significant trading partners with them, unlike the Creek, who traded with both the French and English. This loyalty to the English led to conflicts with the Creek. During the American Revolution, the Cherokee supported the British and continued hostilities until 1793.

After the war, the Cherokee established treaties with the U.S. government, including one that facilitated the construction of the Federal Road through their lands. They believed that assimilating and adopting aspects of U.S. society would help them retain their land. In the 1820s, they used the Syllabary language created by Sequoyah and created a written language, a constitution, and a newspaper, and invited missionaries to establish schools. Despite these efforts, pressure from White settlers in Georgia increased, particularly after gold was discovered in 1828, leading to demands for their removal.

The Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia (1832) ruled in favor of the Cherokee, declaring them an independent nation not subject to Georgia law. However, President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce this ruling. In 1835, a small faction of the Cherokee signed the Treaty of New Echota, leading to the forced removal of the majority of the tribe in 1838, known as the Trail of Tears, which resulted in over 4,000 deaths from exposure and disease.

Chief John Ross, who led the Cherokee during this period, initially believed in the U.S. government's protection. He faced tragedy when his wife died during the removal. Ross served as chief until his death in 1866, navigating the challenges of the Civil War and the pressures of White settlers.
The Dahlonega Gold Rush in 1828 intensified White settlement in Cherokee territory. Although the U.S. government established a mint in Dahlonega due to the gold influx, mining became increasingly difficult.

The Trail of Tears exemplified the culmination of the long-standing conflict between the Cherokee and the U.S. government, resulting in the displacement of the Cherokee Nation to present-day Oklahoma, which remains the largest Native American tribe in the U.S. today.
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Who created the Syllabary language for the Cherokee people?

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1

What Supreme Court case declared the Cherokee as an independent nation?

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1

What event significantly escalated the pressure from White settlers on Cherokee land?

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1

Who refused to enforce the Supreme Court ruling in favor of the Cherokee?

1

Can you break Sequoyah's Syllabary code?

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1

What is the code?