Year 10 Fuels lesson 1 (notes and practice)

2

Use the following to make a set of notes on this topic
8.1 Recall that hydrocarbons are ______________  that contain ___________  and hydrogen only.

Other Answer Choices:

mixtures

compounds

carbon

2

Use the following to make a set of notes on this topic

8.1 Recall that hydrocarbons are _______  that contain _______  and hydrogen only.

5

Make notes
8.2 Describe crude oil as:
a) a complex ____________  of _________________ 
b) containing ______________  in which carbon atoms are in chains or rings
c) an important source of useful substances (__________  and feedstock for the petrochemical industry)
d) a ___________  resource. (will run out)

Other Answer Choices:

mixture

finite

hydrocarbons

fuels

molecules

5

Make notes

8.2 Describe crude oil as:
a) a complex _______  of _______ 
b) containing _______  in which carbon atoms are in chains or rings
c) an important source of useful substances (_______  and feedstock for the petrochemical industry)
d) a _______  resource. (will run out)

1

Crude oil is

1

How is crude oil separated into simpler mixtures?

6

Make a set of notes to explain how fractional distillation is used the separate the fractions in crude oil
Heating: Crude oil is heated to a high temperature (around 350°C) in a furnace, causing it to _____________ .
Fractionating  Column: The hot vaporized crude oil enters the ___________  of a fractionating column. 
Temperature Gradient: There is a temperature gradient within the column, with the hottest temperature at the bottom and the coolest at the ________ .
Condensation: As the vaporized crude oil rises through the column, it cools.  Hydrocarbons with higher boiling points condense back into liquids at __________  levels in the column, where the temperature is higher. Hydrocarbons with lower boiling points continue to rise until they reach a cooler level where they _____________ .
Collection: The condensed liquid fractions are ______________  on the trays and drawn off through pipes.

Other Answer Choices:

top

bottom

vaporize

condense

collected

lower

6

Copy this diagram into your notes and add the comments below.

From the bottom to the top the temperature __________ d

From the bottom to the top the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon __________ d

From the bottom to the top the chain length __________ d

From the bottom to the top the viscosity __________ d

From the bottom to the top the volatility __________ i

From the bottom to the top the flammability (ease of ignition) __________ i

4

Fractional distillation and hydrocarbon properties
= _____________ 
= _____________ 
= _________________ 
= ________________ 

Other Answer Choices:

condense

the longest

the shortest

vaporise

1

6

Make a table of the fractions and their typical uses

Draggable item		Corresponding Item
diesel oil		used in domestic heating and cooking
gases,		used as fuel for cars
kerosene		used as fuel for aircraft
petrol		used as fuel for some cars and trains
fuel oil,		used as fuel for large ships and in some power stations
bitumen		used to surface roads and roofs .

1

What is petrol used as?

1

How do hydrocarbons in different fractions differ?

8

This is a typical structure and bonding 6 mark question and is worth having as a model answer in your notes.
Describe the relationship shown by the graph and use ideas about forces between molecules to explain this relationship.

The more carbons the higher the ____________  point 

The _________  carbons the larger the molecules. 

 larger molecules have ___________  boiling points 

Larger molecules have larger forces ____________  them 

The larger the forces between the molecules the more ___________  is required for them to break out of a liquid and become a ________ 

the more energy needed to _____________  the molecules, the higher the boiling point of the hydrocarbon 

the larger / more the forces between the ______________  the higher the boiling point
(The key idea is that we are overcoming the intermolecular forces not breaking the strong covalent bonds so the values are low and the first 3 are gasses at room temperature).

Other Answer Choices:

between

gas

energy

separate

molecules

boiling

more

higher

7

Test your self on the specification point 8.1.

Other Answer Choices:

finite

substances

only

atoms

hydrocarbons

mixture

rings

3

Complete and copy into your notes
8.6 Explain an homologous series as a series of ______________  which: 
a) have the same general ____________ (e.g. CnH2n+2 for alkanes and CnH2n for alkenes)
b) differ by ________  in molecular formulae from neighbouring compounds. (The alkanes methane, ethane, propane and  butane have the formulae CH4, C2H6, C3H8 and C4H10) 
 

Other Answer Choices:

combustion

CH2

formula

increases

boiling

compounds

3

Complete and copy into your notes
c) show a gradual variation in physical properties, as exemplified by their ____________  points which increases as the chain length ______________ 
d) have similar chemical properties for example alkanes can undergo _______________ 

Other Answer Choices:

formula

combustion

increases

compounds

boiling

CH2

1

Complete combustion of methane

4

	Soot (carbon)	Water (0% in dry air)	Oxygen (21%)	Carbon dioxide (0.03%)
Which gas in the air reacts with the hydrocarbon?
The gas that condenses and collects in the U tube is
The gas that makes the limewater go cloudy is
Deposits of ________________ would form on the funnel