Cattails are a rooted plant commonly found in ponds. Their long stems and roots store food. These plants can reproduce both sexually, through their seeds, and asexually, as new cattail plants grow upward from their stems.

Based on the information above and from the passage, select two cattail traits that affect the probability of successful reproduction.

Based on the information in the passage, which statement best provides evidence to support the claim that energy is being conserved in the pond ecosystem during winter?

The model below shows the particle motion of water molecules as a solid, liquid, and gas.

Use evidence to make a claim about how thermal energy affects the water molecules of the pond in winter.

Based on the information in the passage about what happens to the surface of the pond in winter, which explanation best describes why this phenomenon is a physical change?

In winter, many roads are covered in salt to prevent the formation of ice on roadways. The salinity of a pond may increase when runoff from roadways enters the pond. Increases in salinity cause decreases in oxygen in the pond and can prevent ice layers from forming on its surface. Salinity is measured in parts per thousand (ppt).

Which graph best shows the effects of salinity on frog egg hatching rates?