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STAAR HS Biology

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Last updated about 2 months ago
46 questions
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Question 1
1.

Question 2
2.

Question 3
3.

Question 4
4.

Question 5
5.

Question 6
6.

Question 7
7.

Dogs have 39 pairs of chromosomes in their somatic cells. In which part of the cell are these chromosomes replicated during the cell cycle?

Select ONE correct answer.

Question 8
8.

Question 9
9.

Question 10
10.

Question 11
11.

Question 12
12.

Question 13
13.

This question has two parts.

Giant salvinia is a floating fern native to Brazil introduced to Texas as an aquarium plant and is not found in large bodies of water across the state. The invasive plant may be carried to new bodies of water by fishing and recreational boats. It grows quickly, covering large areas of the water's surface. When the plant dies and decomposes, the oxygen content in the water declines.
Required
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B.C.12E
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B.C.12E
Question 16
16.

Question 17
17.

Question 18
18.

In animal cells, the sodium-potassium pump moves sodium and potassium ions against a concentration gradient across the cells membrane.

What type of transport is used, AND why is this type of transport necessary?

Read the question carefully. Then enter your answers in the box provided.

Question 19
19.

Question 20
20.

Question 21
21.
Scientists can use the fossil record to determine changes in an environment. What does the abrupt appearance of new organisms show?

The abrupt appearance of new organisms is evidence of __________ and __________.
Question 22
22.

Question 23
23.
A student is making a table to describe the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Complete the table by identifying which process causes each result shown in the table.

Move the correct answer to each box. Each answer may be used more than once.
Other Answer Choices:
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Question 24
24.

Question 25
25.

Question 26
26.

Question 27
27.

Ecological relationships occur between two species that live close to each other. Two examples of ecological relationships are described.
  • Example 1: Bees gather nectar and pollen from flowering plants, providing food for the bees. As the bees move to different flowers, some of the pollen attached to the bees' bodies is spread and released. If the pollen falls on the flower of a plant of the same species, it may fertilize the plant and produce seeds.
  • Example 2: Orchids are flowering plants that grow on other plants. They typically grow in tall trees high in the canopy, where they can reach sunlight for photosynthesis. They get water and nutrients from rainwater runoff that carries organic material down the host plant's branches. No water or nutrients are taken from the host plant.

What is the main difference between the ecological relationships described in the two examples? Include the scientific term used to define each of the relationships.

Think about the question carefully. Then enter your answer in the box provided.

Question 28
28.

Question 29
29.

Question 30
30.

Question 31
31.

This question has two parts.

By sending signals that stimulate the release of hormones, the human brain controls the cyle of digestion, including the processes of nutrient absorption. The brain initiates the release of these hormones at certain times of the day, based on the body's 24-hour circadian clock. These hormones stimulate nutrient absorption.
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Question 34
34.
Identify the components of DNA.

Move the correct answer to each box. Not all answer will be used.
Other Answer Choices:
Nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose sugar
Nucelotide
Phosphate
Base pair
Ribose sugar
Question 35
35.

Question 36
36.

Question 37
37.

Question 38
38.
Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) have 30 chromosomes in their somatic cells. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after the final step of meiosis?

Enter your answer in the box. Your answer must be a whole number.

_______
Question 39
39.

Question 40
40.

Question 41
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Question 42
42.

A student athlete wants to choose a drink that will provide quick energy for track practice. Which portion of the label should provide the athlete with information about the amount of quick energy in the drink?

Select ONE correct answer.

Question 43
43.

Question 44
44.
Complete the sentences to describe a start codon.

Move the correct answer to each box. Not all answers will be used.

Almost every organism begins the process of protein synthesis with a ____________ nucleotide sequence. This start codon is translated to a common _______________ in all organisms.
Other Answer Choices:
peptide
doublet
amino acid
triplet
glucose
Question 45
45.

Question 46
46.

Humans have thousands of genes that combine in different ways to help create unique individuals. Where is the genetic code primarily located?
Ribose sugars in RNA
Phosphates in DNA
Nucleotides in DNA
Exons in RNA
The table shows the relationships of some organisms that live in Texas Hill Country habitat.


Based on the data in the table, which food chain depicts a correct flow of energy through the Texas Hill Country habitat?
A large part of Texas is made up of open areas covered in grasses. Together these areas form a grassland biome. There are multiple levels of organization that help form a biome. One of these levels is a community.

Which example BEST represents a community in the grassland biome?
A cottontail rabbit interacting with other cottontail rabbits in the biome.
All the different kinds of plants, animals, and microorganisms in the biome interacting with each other.
A single switchgrass plant growing in the biome.
All the plants and animals in the biome using air and water to survive.
The graph shows a change in a population of cacti.


Which claim is supported by the graph?
Having more spines is an adaptation, and it increases reproductive fitness.
Having more spines is an adaptation, and it decreases reproductive fitness.
Having more spines is not an adaptation, and it increases reproductive fitness.
Having more spines is not an adaptation, and it decreases reproductive fitness.
Curly hair and the ability to taste the chemical PTC are inherited traits. Curly hair (H) is always dominant to straight hair (h). The ability to taste PTC (P) is always dominant to not being able to taste PTC (p). The alleles for straight hair and a non-taster for PTC are recessive.

If both parents are heterozygous for both traits, what would be the genotype of an offspring with straight hair and the ability to taste PTC?
HhPp
hhPp
Hhpp
hhpp
On the Edwards Plateau in Texas, shrubs grow in arid areas with relatively thin limestone soils. Although these shrublands may transform into forests, the transformation is very slow and never occurs in some places.

The image shows an arid area with shrubs and some trees growing.


Which factor MOST LIKELY slows or prevents this ecosystem's progression from shrublands into forests?
Limestone soils stimulate plant growth.
Moving water dissolves limestone rocks.
Shrubby plants dominate the area.
The ecosystem has low rainfall and periodic fires.
In the late 19th century, Charles Darwin and his son performed a series of experiments on young grass seedlings to observe the plants' response to sunlight. They grouped the seedlings as shown in the list:
  • They removed the tips of one group of seedlings.
  • They placed opaque caps over the tips of a second group of seedlings.
  • They placed transparent caps over the tips of a third group of seedlings.
The results of the experiment are shown in the diagram.



Based on the diagram, which statement BEST supports the results of the experiment?
The direction of light is detected by cells on the shoot tips, and plats respond by producing chlorophyll.
The direction of light is detected by cells on the roots, and plants respond by bending toward the light.
The direction of light is detected by cells on the shoot tips, and plants respond by bending toward the light.
The direction of light is detected by cells within the roots, and plants respond by bending in the direction of gravity.
Scientists have reported that more than 95% of the factors that lead to some types of cancers are caused by random DNA-copying errors. During which phase of the cell cycle do these DNA-copying errors most likely occur?
S phase
G1 phase
G2 phase
M phase
The diagram shows changes in blood pressure over time.


Vasodilation and vasoconstriction occur because blood \{-}
flows through veins and arteries
is a necessary component for life
flows through the heart at various rates
pressure is controlled by a feedback mechanism
Nitrogen is an essential component of all living things. However, atmospheric nitrogen is unavailable for organisms to use. through various processes and chemical changes, nitrogen moves through the biosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere in different forms, making it available for all organisms. Atmospheric nitrogen is deposited in the soil and surface waters primarily through precipitation. Once in the soil, microorganisms break down the nitrogen into different forms, which is then taken up by plants. Nitrogen eventually makes its way back into the atmosphere.

What would happen within the nitrogen cycle if a bactericide, a substance that kills bacteria, was added to the soil?
The rate at which nitrogen is broken down would increase, resulting in faster absorption by plants.
Microorganisms would not be present to break down the nitrogen into a usable form for plants.
More nutrients would be added to the soil, increasing the amount of nitrogen available to plants.
Nitrogen would be blocked from entering the soil, making it unavailable for plants to use.
A student claims that the influenza virus replicates int he air and then infects people. Which statement BEST describes the claim?
The claim is true because viruses can infect cells without direct contact.
The claim is true because viruses replicate within the particles in the air.
The claim is false because viruses require host cells in order to replicate.
The claim is false because viruses cannot survive in the air.
A DNA mutation results in a protein that is the same as the initial protein synthesized before the mutation. Which statement BEST explains this outcome?
One amino acid substitution does not affect protein synthesis.
Different codons can be translated into the same amino acid, so some mutations do not affect protein synthesis.
Only mutations that occur at the chromosomal level change protein function.
Amino acids have similar functions, so their corresponding proteins are unaffected by mutations.
Question 14
14.

Question 15
15.

Milk that is sold for human consumption is often pasteurized. During this process, the milk is heated to a high temperature.

Which statement describes the main benefit of this process?
The process helps mix the milk more uniformly.
The process increases the level of nutrients in the milk.
The process makes the milk less likely to cause illness form bacteria.
The process reduces the number of calories in the milk.
A phylogenetic tree based on similar structures is shown.


Which statement is correct based on teh phylogenetic tree?
Organism W is more closely related to Organism X than to Organism Y.
Organism Y is more closely related to Organism V than to Organism X.
Organism V is the common ancestor of all the organisms in the tree.
Organism Z is the most distantly related organism in the tree.
Actin is a protein that helps teh cell maintain its shape and polarity. It also plays a major role in muscle contraction. A table summarizing the cellular functions of different types of proteins is shown.


Based on this information, actin is most likely -
an enzyme protein
a structural protein
a messenger protein
a transport protein
Cytochrome c is a protein that is found in the mitochondria of all aerobic eukaryotic cells. The gene sequence for cytochrome c has been mapped and analyzed for thousands of species. The table shows the percentage of the cytochrome c amino-acid sequence that different species have in common.


Which list is ordered from the species most closely related to the mouse to the species least closely related to the mouse?
Horse, chimpanzee, donkey, lamprey
Lamprey, donkey, chimpanzee, horse
Chimpanzee, donkey, lamprey, horse
Donkey, horse, chimpanzee, lamprey
A scientist examined two populations of the grasshopper species Atractomorpha lata. The scientist found that the population raised in higher temperatures had a higher frequency of brown coloration, while the population raised in lower temperatures had a higher frequency of green coloration.

Based on this information, which biological process is affected by temperature in A. lata?
Gene expression
Cell division
ATP production
Metabolism
Which statement accurately compares eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells replicate faster than prokaryotic cells.
Only prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
Only prokaryotic cells lack outer membranes and cell walls.
An mRNA sequence and an mRNA codon chart are shown.


What is the amino acid sequence that will be translated from the mRNA sequence?
Threonine - Isoleucine - Serine - Tryptophan
Cysteine - Tyrosine - Arginine - Threonine
Serine - Methionine - Tyrosine - Tryptophan
Proline - Arginine - Histidine - Arginine
Which pair of scenarios correctly identifies examples or characteristics of primary and secondary succession?
Primary succession occurs in an area where trees are abundant. Secondary succession occurs after a fire disrupts an ecosystem, and the ecosystem is overtaken by new species.
Primary succession commonly includes lichens and mosses as pioneer species. Secondary succession occurs when an ecosystem starts on bare rock, where no other species have lived.
Primary succession may occur in an ecosystem destroyed by a hurricane. Secondary succession occurs when new sand dunes are formed.
Primary succession can include the process of lava cooling to form rock, which is then broken down to form soil in which plants can grow. Secondary succession occurs on land that was once cleared for farming.
A student observed a human cheek cell under a light microscope and made these observations:
  • The chromatin is condensed.
  • There is no visible nucleolus.
  • The spindle fibers are visible.
  • The nuclear membrane looks like it is disappearing.
Which phase of the cell cycle is this student MOST LIKELY observing?
Prophase
Metaphase
Telophase
Interphase
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder in humans. What is the probability that an offspring will have cystic fibrosis if both parents are carriers of cystic fibrosis?
25%
50%
75%
100%
The diagram represents the movement of three different substances across a cell membrane.


Moving which of these substances across the cell membrane requires energy from ATP?
2 only
3 only
1 and 2
1 and 3
Which table correctly describes the lytic and lysogenic cycles?
Question 32
32.

Question 33
33.

As part of a wildlife conservation program, researchers take a small population of wolves and relocate them to an island. After several generations, researchers analyze the genomes of the wolves in the population and determine that there is little genetic variation in the population.

Which evolutionary mechanism BEST explains the low level of genetic variation of these wolves?
Gene flow
Founder effect
Mutation
Recombination
The bar graph shows the average beak depth (distance form the top of the beak to the bottom) of a population of finches. The data were collected in 1976 and in 1978, after a drought occurred in 1977 in the area.


Which factor BEST describes the change in this population of finches?
An increase in resource availability
A change in the reproductive success of one individual bird
A decrease in fitness that increased survival rates
A change in phenotype distribution because of an environmental factor
Which table correctly identifies organelles found in plant cells and in animal cells?
Rennin is an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction that solidifies milk. Rennin was added to three different test tubes with milk. Each test tube was placed in a water bath for ten minutes. The data collected during the experiment are shown.


Which statement best explains the result of test tube 3?
The enzyme changed the product.
The substrate was used up.
The enzyme was denatured.
The substrate reacted with the enzyme.
The oak mistletoe is a green, leafy plant that grows on trees and has white berries Mistletoe seeds are spread to other trees through the waste of birds that feed on the berries. The mistletoe seedlings grow in the tree to obtain water and nutrients.

Which answer choice correctly identifies a relationship between two of these organisms?
The relationship between the tree and the mistletoe is commensalism.
The relationship between the birds and the trees is predator-prey.
The relationship between the birds and the trees is mutualism.
The relationship between the tree and the mistletoe is parasitism.
Purple loosestrife is an invasive flowering plant species now found in North America. In an effort to control the purple loosestrife, biologists tested and released three beetle species to use as a biological control of the plant.


Which result is an unintended negative consequence of releasing these beetle species into the environment?
There will be an increase in the available habitat for non-native plant species.
There will be an increase in the population numbers of native beetle species in the habitat.
There will be an increase in competition for food resources among all beetle species in the habitat.
There will be an increase in pollination of native flowering plant species.
As unspecialized cells mature, what controls their development into specific cell types?
The rate at which the cells grow
The genes expressed within the cells
The nutrients available to the cells
The age of neighboring cells
The classification information for several organisms is shown.



Which answer choice identifies the two organisms that are most closely related and why?
Organism 1 and Organism 2 because they are in the same phylum
Organism 2 and Organism 4 because they are in the same class
Organism 3 and Organism 4 because they are in the same order
Organism 1 and Organism 3 because they are in the same kingdom
During the Industrial Revolution in England, burning coal increased the soot level in the air, and the soot darkened the tree bark. As a result, the population of dark-colored peppered moths significantly increased.

Which statement describes the MOST LIKELY reason why the population of dark-colored peppered moths increased?
Light-colored peppered moths were better adapted than dark-colored peppered moths.
Light-colored peppered moths migrated to areas with less pollution.
Changes to the peppered moths' diet caused an increase of pigment that led to a darker color.
Dark-colored peppered moths had a genetic variation that provided better coverage form predators in their changing environment.
Part A
Which statement BEST describes how giant salvinia affects a Texas ecosystem?
It promotes the growth of new types of plants.
It increases the stability of the ecosystem.
It provides an energy source for the ecosystem.
It inhibits the growth of native plant species.
Part B
Which evidence supports the answer to Part A?
Giant salvinia is poisonous to other plants that grow on the water's surface.
Giant salvinia produces waste products that are used by other plants.
Giant salvinia releases carbon dioxide that other plants cannot use.
Giant salvinia prevents light form reaching plants that grow underwater.
Part A
Based on this information, which two body systems of MOST DIRECTLY regulating the digestive system?
Endocrine and nervous
Respiratory and nervous
Muscular and excretory
Integumentary and excretory
Part B
Which statement BEST supports the answer to Part A?
Signals are sent to glands that release chemicals into the blood, leading to the increased absorption of nutrients.
Signals are sent to reduce the intake of oxygen so that nutrients can be more readily absorbed.
Signals increase muscle contractions, reducing water in the body to improve the absorption of nutrients.
Signals open pores in the skin so that excess water can be released, making room for the increased absorption of nutrients.