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Laabri

Unit 7 Test - Disease

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24 Nsɛmmisa
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24.

Why do mammals require both Mitosis and Meiosis to survive? Give a reason for both processes. (4pt)

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The p53 gene is a gene that is used to create a protein that helps control the cell cycle. It is a tumor suppressor gene because it can halt the cell cycle at a particular checkpoint if the cell is not ready, or damaged in any way, before going on to the next stage that eventually leads to the creation of two daughter cells.

Different forms of ovarian cancer can be caused by mutations in the p53 gene. Below you will find the normal p53 gene found on chromosome 17.

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1.

Use Figure 1 to determine what nitrogen base pairs with Cytosine in the DNA structure?

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The diagram below displays different genetic checkpoints that the cell uses. The p53 protein is a tumor suppressor protein. The CDC protein is a proto-oncogene. Answer the following questions about checkpoints and the cell cycle using this diagram.

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The following diagram shows the S phase in more detail. Answer the questions below about p53 and its activity during the S phase.

Figure 2

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P53 has checked out the ovarian cells’ DNA and found a mutation.

Figure 5

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10.

In the G2 cell checkpoint, if the cell fails to catch a mistake made in the DNA sequence, then what could happen?

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Changes to checkpoint enzymes can result in the loss of apoptosis during cell cycle checkpoints and lead to cancer. The p53 tumor suppressor gene regulates the cell cycle and is the most widely mutated gene in humans (Wang and Harris, 1997). This is supported by the fact that it is mutated in over 50% of all human cancers. p53 can activate DNA repair proteins when DNA has sustained damage, can hold the cell cycle at the G1/S regulation point if it spots a mutation, and can begin apoptosis if the DNA damage proves to be unfixable (Pietenpol and Stewart, 2002). Formations of cancer tumors can occur if this system no longer works. If the p53 gene is damaged, then tumor suppression is severely reduced. The p53 gene can be damaged by radiation, various chemicals, and viruses such as the Human papillomavirus (HPV). People who inherit only one functional copy of this gene will most likely develop tumors in early adulthood (Varley et al., 1997; Gu et al., 2001).

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11.

Explain how p53 helps us avoid developing cancer in a healthy cell but increases the risk of cancer when it doesn’t function properly.

Use 2 pieces of evidence from the text above as a supporting detail.

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When a cancerous cell enters cell division, it divides without cell regulation. Answer the following questions about cell division.

figure 3

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Match the names of the phases of Mitosis with their description USING FIGURE 3 ABOVE

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Analyze the following data chart. For each sample, the percentage of cells found in that stage of the cell cycle are recorded.

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19.

If the scientists where studying cancer causes and exposed a cell sample to the chemical found in cigarette smoke, what would they be testing?

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Using the following diagram for questions #21-23, contrast the process of meiosis with the formation of cells during mitosis.

Figure 6

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22.

To increase genetic variety, the chromosomes perform crossing over. In what stage shown above, does crossing over occur?

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2.

What are the rungs (center) of the DNA ladder made out of?

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3.

According to Chargaff’s base pairing rule, if there is 40% Adenine in a DNA structure, how much Cytosine must there be?

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4.

When it comes to the p53 gene being affected by mutation, which of the checkpoints would be interrupted?

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5.

If p53 was affected by a mutation after the G1 checkpoint during the S phase, how might the cell be safeguarded from becoming cancerous?

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6.

The cell cycle represented above is from a healthy cell. How would the cell cycle differ if it was a cancer cell?

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7.

Using the Figure 2 above, which claim best explains the role of helicase during DNA replication?

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8.

What is the product of the process shown in the diagram above?

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9.

Select the correct complementary strands (base pair rule) of the p53 DNA gene sequence below:

ATGATCGCA

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12.

What process is being shown in the diagram above?

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13.

Prophase

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14.

Metaphase

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15.

Anaphase

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16.

Telophase

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17.

After mitosis and cytokinesis, the final result will be:

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18.

Based on the data above, which sample is most likely cancerous? (1pt)

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20.

If the scientists exposed a cell sample to sunlight’s UV rays, what would they be testing?

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21.

The types of cells are formed by meiosis?

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23.

Which of the following statements is a correct comparison between mitosis and meiosis? (1pt)