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Topic 2

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Last updated 11 months ago
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What is a disadvantage for a government commissioning a nuclear energy plant?
Please mark the correct option.
High set-up costs
High running costs
High carbon emissions
Continuity of supply
Which phrase best reflects the philosophy of the circular economy?
Please mark the correct option.
Cradle to cradle
Cradle to grave
Made to be made again
Take, make, dispose
Which phrase reflects the life cycle analysis of a product? Please mark the correct option.
Cradle to cradle
Cradle to grave
Cradle to gate
Cradle to site
At which stage of the product life cycle would user attitudes and behaviours be likely to have greater impact than those of the designer or the manufacturer?
Please mark the correct option.
Production
Distribution, including packaging
Utilization
Disposal
What aspect of eco-design does design for repair and maintenance optimize?
Please mark the correct option.
Production
Initial lifespan
Impact during use
End of life options
What would not necessarily be reduced by a manufacturer adopting a dematerialization strategy?
Please mark the correct option.
Depletion of natural resources
Waste to landfill
Energy consumption
Product efficiency
Which combination of incremental and radical reflects the addition of an end-of-pipe technology to a manufacturing system?
Please mark the correct option.

A
B
C
D
A design objective for a greener washing powder would be to?
Please mark the correct option.
Increase corporate profit
Reduce environmental impact
Increase the product's effectiveness
Reduce the amount of product used
What aspect of eco-design does design for repair and maintenance optimize?
Production
Initial lifespan
Impact during use
End of life options
Which would be facilitated by the use of modular design as part of a company’s eco-design strategy?

I. Ease of maintanence
II. Design for reuse
III. Design for recycling
I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
Which green design strategy is related to the use of materials from obsolete products to create new products?
Please mark the correct option.
Reuse
Recycle
Repair
Recondition
Which waste mitigation strategy does the symbol shown in Figure 2 promote?
Figure 2 shows a symbol widely used on plastic products made of polyethylene terephthalate (PETE).


Please mark the correct option
Repair
Reuse
Recycling
Reconditioning
What best describes the embodied energy within a product?
Please mark the correct option.
The energy consumed throughout the entire product life
The energy within a product’s batteries
The energy required to recycle a product
The reduction in the amount of wasted energy achieved through clean production
Although new environmental legislations can be highly disruptive, it can sometimes lead to benefits for manufacturers.
What are the potential benefits of environmental legislation for a manufacturer?

I. Reduced energy costs
II. Reduced material costs
III. Reduced waste
I only
I and II
II and III
I, II and III
What are disadvantages of using solar power?

I. Lack of continutity of supply
II. Low efficiency of energy conversion
III. Carbon dioxide emissions
I and II
II and III
I and III
I, II and III
Figure 3 shows a typical example of an office chair.

To design the chair the manufacturer decided to undertake life cycle analysis (LCA).
Which phases in the product lifecycle would the designer consider in undertaking LCA in relation to the design of the chair shown in Figure 3?


Please mark the correct option.
Marketing material, promotion, sales
Pre-production, production, distribution and packaging, utilization, disposal
Concept design, detail development, prototyping, manufacture
Density, conductivity, expansion, hardness
What is both a driver and a barrier to clean technology adoption by manufacturers?
Please mark the correct option.
Market expectations
Legislation
Cost
Research and development

What is a disadvantage of using an environmental impact matrix?

Please mark the correct option.
It is time-consuming to implement
It is not a good way to display the results of an environmental impact analysis
It enables impacts to be categorized
It enables impacts to be prioritized
Which principles would help a designer to reduce the environmental impact of a product?

I. Mechanical principle
II. Precautionary principle
III. Prevention principle

Please mark the correct option.
I only
I and II
II and III
I, II and III
The consumption of which renewable energy source results in carbon emissions?
Please mark the correct option.
Wind
Solar
Nuclear
Biomass
What is a major advantage of using PlantbottleTM packaging for Coca-Cola® bottles?


Please mark the correct option.
Reduction in the volume of PET being sent to landfill
Reduction in the use of virgin petroleum-based resources
Increased recyclability of PlantbottleTM PET plastic
Increased use of non-renewable resources
Which of the following terms does this definition apply to? "The total amount of energy consumed by all the processes associated with the production of materials."
Please mark the correct option.
Embodied energy
Operational energy
Production energy
Latent energy
At which stage of its life cycle does a commercial aircraft have the highest output in terms of resources used and by-products generated?
Please mark the correct option.
Pre-production
Production
Utilization
Disposal
What are key considerations in the design of green products?
Please mark the correct option.

I. Materials
II. Waste
III. Energy
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
A non-renewable power station that treats its emissions to decrease polluting emissions is using:
Please mark the correct option.
Design for manufacture (DfM)
End-of-pipe technologies
System level solution
Clean Technology
Which of the following best describes a resource that is inexhaustible?
Please mark the correct option.
Renewable
Recovery
Reserves
Non-renewable
What could be used to power a combined heat and power system (CHP)? Please mark the correct option.
Wind
Batteries
Solar energy
Biomass
Which eco design principle is illustrated in Figure 2?

Please mark the correct option.
Cradle to gate
Cradle to cradle
Cradle to grave
Life cycle analysis
Apple as a global company is showing an increased awareness of its impact on the environment during the use of energy and materials in the manufacture of its products.
The second generation MacPro shown in Figure 9 was announced in 2013 and achieves twice the overall performance of the first generation for an equivalent energy input of less than 1 watt, that is around a hundred times. The computers design has minimized the use of wires within the main structure and the complete system is manufactured from easier to re-form and re-use materials previously by gaining from a ‘remanufacture’ basis.
Apple is showing the use of energy with 100% power clean data centres in North Carolina, USA as shown in Figure 10 as part of their awesome responsibility towards the reduction of climate change.


What waste mitigation strategy has Apple used in the design of the second generation 2013 version of the MacPro compared to the first generation?
Please mark the correct option.
Recycling
Reconditioning
Dematerialization
Reusing
Plan Toys is a company that markets itself on its environmental credentials. Figure 2 below shows their production and distribution process. What best describes the company’s sustainability strategy?

Please mark the correct option.
The use of renewable resources
The promotion of recycling
Undertaking dematerialization
The use of product recovery
What describes the quantity of material that is ready and available for production?

Please mark the correct option.
A
B
C
D
What is a definition of re-use
Please mark the correct option.
Changing waste material into a new product
Application of a product in the same or different context
The reconstruction or renewal of any part of a product
The return of a product to working order
What best describes end-of-pipe technology? Please mark the correct option.
Capturing emissions immediately before release
Providing alternatives to fossil fuel usage
Improving the efficiency of production
Capturing emissions during production
What is a fundamental aspect of a “cradle to cradle” philosophy?
Please mark the correct option.
Reuse
Recycling
Repair
Reconditioning
Unilever recently redesigned the packaging of their deodorants, see Figure 4 below, reducing both the amount of packaging material and the amount of gas used.


What is the environmental impact of this particular dematerialisation strategy?
  1. Reduced waste
  2. Reduced material usage
  3. Reduction in energy consumed
Please mark the correct option.
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II and III
Design consultants Teague and Sizemore worked together to create the Denny Bike, an urban bike with auto-shifting, electric assist, smart lighting and an integrated lock, see Figure 11 and Figure 12. The bike was created in response to a competition from a manufacturer to create a new and innovative product. Taking into account the environment that the bike will be used in, the designers will have had to carefully consider what materials and production processes to use. Through assessing the needs of potential users in this environment, the team has incorporated both radical and incremental developments within the overall product.

What part of the Denny Bike best meets the definition of radical innovation?
Please mark the correct option.
Handlebars
Chain
Frame
Carrier
Figure 2 shows packaging used by McDonald’s fast food restaurants. The company changed to card and paper packaging in 2008, (shown on the left). They had previously used Styrofoam plastic, (shown on the right). This change reduced the weight and amount of materials used. [Source: www.doralabel.com]
Figure 2: McDonald’s packaging

What waste mitigation strategy is this an example of?
Please mark the correct option.
Re-engineering
Re-use
Reconditioning
Dematerialization
Which of these is a non-renewable resource?
Please mark the correct option.
Geothermal
Biomass
Wind
Coal
What is a major disadvantage of lead acid batteries?
Please mark the correct option.
They are inefficient
They are expensive
They contain hazardous chemicals which are harmful to the environment
They are unreliable
What is an advantage of developing radical solutions for clean technology?
Please mark the correct option.
Manufacturers can benefit from patenting new solutions
Manufacturers do not need to invest large sums of money into the solution
Manufacturers can make small changes over time
Manufacturers can respond to legislation quickly
Which of these contributes to a product's embodied energy? 📷
Please mark the correct option.
Initial use
Disposal
Assembly
Disassembly
At what stage in the life cycle of a product will a manufacturer have the least influence?
Please mark the correct option.
Pre-production
Production
Distribution
Disposal
What do end-of-pipe technologies achieve?
Please mark the correct option.
Reduced use of finite resources
Reduction of emissions after production
Reduction of harmful chemicals before production
Improved efficiency of resources being used
Which of the following are drivers for green design?
Please mark the correct option.

I. Cheap set up costs
II. Customer pressure
III. Government legislation
I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
What type of design and manufacture mimics biological processes?
Please mark the correct option.
Cradle to grave design
Sustainable design
Green design
Cradle to cradle design
Which of the following is considered a renewable energy source?
Please mark the correct option.
Nuclear
Coal
Oil
Hydro
Which of the following systems for individual energy generation would have the least impact on the surrounding area?
Geo-thermal
Solar PV Systems
Wind turbines
Micro-hydro
What are the disadvantages of carrying out a life cycle analysis (LCA)?
  1. Time consuming
  2. Expensive
  3. Legally binding
Please mark the correct option.
I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
How is the embodied energy of a product best described?
Please mark the correct option.
The energy consumed by just the extraction of raw materials.
The energy consumed by the manufacturing processes and the product in use.
The energy consumed by the extraction of raw materials, manufacturing processes and the product in use.
The energy consumed by the extraction of raw materials, manufacturing processes and recovery.
Which of the following would be considered an end-of-pipe technology?
Please mark the correct option.
Installation and use of energy saving lightbulbs
Rain water harvesting
Waste water treatment plant
Installation of solar panels
The Adidas x Parley shoe is made from recycled fishing nets retrieved from the west coast of Africa, see Figure 2.

This is known as a...
Please mark the correct option.
Mixed economy
Linear economy
Circular economy
Hybrid economy
Glass jars which originally contained food are often used to store small items such as crayons, pencils, and erasers. This is an example of:
Please mark the correct option.
Reuse
Recycling
Reduction
Reconditioning
The Eco-Flex straw by Aardvark Straws is biodegradable, compostable and 100% chlorine free, see Figure 2. Aardvark Straws claim that they are the only paper straws on the market made with FDA food grade-approved inks and paper.




Many companies are now replacing plastic throwaway products with eco-friendly alternatives. What is the main driver for green design in products such as the Eco-Flex straw?
Please mark the correct option.
Consumer pressure
Technology push
Technology pull
Obsolescence
Which three categories are focused on in eco-design?
Please mark the correct option.
Materials, energy and pollution/waste
Production, utilization and distribution
Price, quality and service
Product, place and price
Which of the following resources is renewable?
Please mark the correct option.
Oil
Gas
Biomass
Coal
Embodied energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services. Which of the following building materials would have the lowest levels of embodied energy?
Please mark the correct option.
Steel
Stone
Concrete
Plastic
Cradle to grave is a linear economy based on the make, use, dispose model. What model is cradle to cradle based on?
Please mark the correct option.
Reduce, re-use, recycle
Multidisciplinary approach
Made to be made again
Conflict and compromise
As an energy generation process, CHP (Combined Heat and Power) is fuel neutral. What does this mean?
Please mark the correct option.
It can clean fuels
It can neutralize fuels
It can be applied to renewable and fossil fuels
It can take subsidies from fossil fuels
Which of the following is true of dematerialization:
  1. It reduces raw materials at the production stage
  2. It reduces waste at the disposal stage
  3. It reduces energy and material inputs at the use stage
Please mark the correct option.
I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
Wind turbines, solar cells and lithium batteries convert energy. Which of the following is the correct conversion for solar power?
Please mark the correct option.
Mechanical to Electric
Electric to Radiation
Radiation to Electric
Electric to Mechanical
Dematerialization refers to the reduction of ...
I. Energy
II. Material
III. Design

Please mark the correct option.
I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
Internet-ready television allows access to a number of services including film and television content, internet browsing, social media, cloud photo and file storage and a host of other apps, see Figure 2.

What is an internet-ready television an example of?

Please mark the correct option.
Radical solution
Green design
Converging technology
"Design for the environment" software
If waste created from an obsolete product is used as a resource again and again in a closed loop system, which waste mitigation strategy is this an example of?
Please mark the correct option.
Repair
Circular economy
Cradle to grave
Dematerialization
Which of the following are considered when carrying out a life cycle analysis (LCA)?
I. Utilisation
II. Disposal
III. Amount of labour

Please mark the correct option.
I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
Which of the following drive manufacturers towards green design principles?
  1. I. Legislation
  2. II. Surplus of raw materials
  3. III. Consumer pressure
Please mark the correct option.
I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
Which eco-design system gives a low, medium or high risk rating for each stage of a life cycle analysis (LCA)? Please mark the correct option.
Product life cycle
Converging technology
Environmental impact assessment matrix
United Nations Environment Programme Manual
Resources that can be identified in terms of quantity and quality are known as...
Please mark the correct option.
Non renewable resources
Reserves
Recyclables
Renewable resources
Which of the following are drivers for cleaning up manufacturing? I. Promoting positive impacts
II. Reducing wastage of energy
III. Desire to make money

Please mark the correct option.
I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
What type of batteries are used in cell/mobile phones?
Hydrogen fuel cells
NiCad
Lead acid
Lithium
Used smartphones are sometimes made to look new by replacing the casing and screen as well as installing a new battery. Which waste mitigation strategy does this best describe?
Please mark the correct option.
Reconditioning
Re-engineering
Reuse
Recovery
Which of the following is a non-renewable energy source?
Please mark the correct option.
Solar
Natural gas
Hydro
Biomass
When can timber be defined as renewable?
Please mark the correct option.
When a new tree is planted to replace used timber
When it is re-engineered
When it is sourced from a rainforest
When it has been recycled
Alfredo Moser invented a lamp, see Figure 2, to provide lighting to homes without access to electricity, using nothing more than a plastic bottle, water and bleach.


What waste mitigation strategy describes the use of the bottle in this invention?
Please mark the correct option.
Recondition
Recycle
Repair
Reuse
Proof Eyewear has grown to become a recognizable brand due to its products being made from sustainable sources, such as the wooden sunglasses shown in Figure 3. They improve on an existing product by considering environmental factors.


What waste mitigation strategy describes the use of the bottle in this invention?
Please mark the correct option.
Eco-design
Sustainable design
Green design
User-centred design
The 1997 Kyoto Treaty saw governments set targets to reduce greenhouse gases. What approach to green energy is this
Radical innovation
Media pressure
International legislation
System level solutions
Which of the following are design objectives for green products
People, planet, profit
Reuse, recycle, repair
Materials, energy, pollution
Production, distribution, utilisation
Which of the following has the hierarchy of waste in the right order from most to least desirable
Landfill, incineration, resource recovery, recycling, reuse, source reduction
Source reduction, reuse, recycle, resource recovery, incineration, landfill
Landfill, resource recovery, recycling, reuse, source reduction, incineration
Source reduction, resource recovery, recycling, reuse, incineration, landfill
Climate change mitigation is the actions designed to limit long term climate change. It usually involves reducing greenhouse gases or increasing carbon sinks. Which of the following is an example of increasing carbon sinks?
Reforestation
Sustainable forestry
Source reduction
Recycling and reuse
What describes a combined heat and power approach?
A national energy distribution system
A macro energy policy
A sustainable energy strategy
An efficient way of generating electrical and thermal energy from a single source
Which of the following is an advantage of radical solutions to clean energy development?
Benefits from patenting new solutions
Quick response to legislation
Low levels of uncertainty
Limited investment required
Which of the following is an advantage of incremental design
No need to invest in large operational changes
Benefits from patenting new solutions
Provides a competitive advantage by being first to market
Provides a response to a significant change in legislation