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CH 1 Self Assessment (Types of Studies)
By Wilson Barajas
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Last updated 8 months ago
26 questions
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Which sampling method selects every k^{th} individual after a random start?
stratified sampling
cluster sampling
convenience sampling
systematic sampling
Surveying only volunteers on a website mainly causes which sampling bias?
simple random bias
voluntary response bias
stratification bias
measurement bias
Dividing the population by age and randomly sampling each group is called?
stratified sampling
convenience sampling
systematic sampling
cluster sampling
Randomly choosing entire classrooms to survey illustrates which sampling method?
systematic sampling
simple random sampling
cluster sampling
stratified sampling
Which scenario is an experiment rather than an observational study?
Gardeners record sunlight for each plant
Students survey classmates about sleep hours
Researchers randomly give fertilizer to half the plants and a different source of nutrients to the other half.
Scientists observe birds' nesting habits
Why is random assignment crucial in experiments but not required in observational studies?
Increases observational time
Creates comparable groups reducing variability.
Guarantees accurate measurements
Ensures large sample size
What main limitation keeps observational studies from proving causation?
lurking variables
Requires large samples
Needs control group
Cheaper to conduct
In an experiment, the variable intentionally manipulated by researchers is called the _____
Confounder
Independent variable (factor)
Dependent variable
Response bias
Which study design best controls for confounding variables when testing a treatment?
Prospective cohort
Randomized controlled experiment
Case study
Cross sectional survey
A medical trial randomly assigns patients to a drug or placebo; what type of study is this?
Case control study
Naturalistic observation
Controlled experiment
Longitudinal survey
When participants select their own treatment, the investigation should be labeled _____
Blocked experiment
Observational study
Double blind trial
Randomized experiment
Matching subjects on age and gender seeks to reduce which issue in observational studies?
Sampling error
Confounding variables
Measurement precision
Response bias
Blinding procedures in experiments are primarily intended to reduce which kind of bias?
Placebo and researcher bias
Sample size
Random error
External validity
Researchers track sugar intake and weight without intervening; this is what kind of study?
Observational cohort study
Laboratory trial
Randomized experiment
Meta analysis
Researchers follow 5,000 nonsmokers for 15 years, recording who starts smoking. Which study type is used?
Case control study
Experiment
Cohort study
Cross sectional study
Scientists compare 200 lung cancer patients with 200 healthy subjects to look back at past pollution exposure. Identify the study.
Randomized trial
Cross sectional study
Case control study
Cohort study
A survey measures blood pressure of city residents on one specific day to estimate hypertension prevalence. What type of study is this?
Cohort study
Case control study
Cross sectional study
Time-series experiment
Tracking identical twins yearly from birth to age 30 to see weight divergence exemplifies which observational design?
Case control study
Cross sectional study
Laboratory experiment
Cohort study
Investigators first select people with rare liver disease and similar disease-free controls, then assess past alcohol use. Study type?
Clinical trial
Cross sectional study
Case control study
Cohort study
Researchers analyze 2001–2020 hospital charts to link stress and ulcers. What study type is this?
Retrospective study
Prospective study
Controlled experiment
Cross-sectional survey
Scientists follow 500 infants until adulthood recording yearly sleep habits. Which design describes this?
Prospective longitudinal study
Lab experiment
Retrospective case-control
One-time cross-sectional
Which sampling method divides the population into groups, then randomly samples within each group?
Systematic sample
Stratified random sample
Convenience sample
Cluster sample
A survey takes the first 30 students entering the cafeteria. What bias is introduced?
Convenience bias
Measurement bias
Undercoverage bias
Nonresponse bias
Which statement characterizes cluster sampling?
Selects entire clusters for study
Chooses individuals within each stratum
Uses volunteers only
Samples every kth individual
A sample omits rural residents because phone numbers list only cities. This is what bias?
Response bias
Undercoverage bias
Random error
Placebo effect
An online magazine asks readers to click and vote on taxes. Which sampling issue arises?
Simple random error
Double-blind bias
Blocking bias
Voluntary response bias