Copy of RI.CS. 5: Expert Debate: Will Computers Edge People Out of Entire Careers? (9/2/2025)

Experts Debate: Will Computers Edge People Out Of Entire Careers?

Machines have been taking jobs forever. Computers and software are doing things people were paid to do. They are booking airplane flights. Filing our taxes. And they are getting better all the time.
RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST: Given that computers and software are doing things lots of people used to do, like booking our airplane flights and filing our taxes and getting better all the time, it's worth worrying about how many jobs will be left a few decades from now. David Kestenbaum with our Planet Money team reports there is real debate over that question.
DAVID KESTENBAUM, BYLINE: It's one thing to talk about computers taking jobs, but looking out a few decades, people are talking about entire careers disappearing. If you're listening to this story driving an 18-wheeler1 on I-80,2 this thought has probably already occurred to you.

ANDREW MCAFEE: We've got cars that can drive themselves on roads in traffic without mishap.
[5]KESTENBAUM: Andrew McAfee is a professor at MIT.3 He's definitely in the jobs-are-going-away camp.
MCAFEE: The accidents that Google just reported that happened with their autonomous4 cars happened because other people rear-ended them and swerved into them.
KESTENBAUM: Truck drivers in this country - almost 2 million jobs. Cashiers - 3 million.
MCAFEE: It turns out people like self service a lot. I don't want to talk to somebody when I go check in at an airport. I just either download the boarding pass to my phone or walk up to a kiosk and get it.
KESTENBAUM: McAfee does not think computers will have anything like human intelligence in the near future, but he says if you just take where we are now and extrapolate,5 to him, it's clear where we're headed.
[10]MCAFEE: Twenty or 40 years from now, I believe we will not need the labor of a lot of the people alive in order to have a very, very productive economy. In terms of the amount of human labor that you need to get the stuff out of the ground and off the farms and through the factories and into our homes and tables - next to none.
KESTENBAUM: You do not have to go far to find someone who disagrees with Andrew McAfee, just around the corner to the office of another person at the same university.
DAVID AUTOR: My name is David Autor. I'm a professor of economics and associate head of the MIT Department of Economics.
KESTENBAUM: David Autor has been making the opposite case, the chill out, there will be plenty of jobs case. He questions the idea that computers and software will continue to get exponentially6 better.
AUTOR: It's hard to know how fast things will change. I mean, that's our first point.
[15]KESTENBAUM: OK, he says, robots can drive cars, but they still struggle with very basic tasks, like folding laundry.
AUTOR: The set of things that machines do not do like humans is innumerable.7
KESTENBAUM: And, he says, people have been worried about this forever - that machines will take away all the jobs - but those people have always been wrong, partly because they missed some basic economics. When the tractor came along, yes, it eliminated a lot of farming jobs, but it also made food cheaper, which meant people had more money to spend - new opportunities and new jobs.
AUTOR: So I feel it would be rather arrogant of me to say I looked at the future, and people won't come up with stuff. I don't know. I'm humbled by the fact at how bad I would have been at predicting the future.
KESTENBAUM: I asked Andrew McAfee about this.
[20]David's argument is that people have been saying this is going to happen forever, and it just never has.
MCAFEE: He's absolutely right. The Luddites8 said that. Marx9 predicted it with great confidence. John Maynard Keynes,10 who's one of my intellectual heroes, talked about it in the 1930s.
KESTENBAUM: So does it feel crazy for you to be saying no, no, no, this time, this time I mean it, and I'm right.
MCAFEE: Yeah, you know, you wonder if you're joining that long litany11 of voices who go down as having made the incorrect prediction one more time, but I think the facts are different this time.
KESTENBAUM: In the past, he says, machines were basically doing mechanical stuff. This time around, they're doing things that seem much more human. They can talk. They can listen. They can even compose music.
[25](SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
KESTENBAUM: Good job, computer. David Kestenbaum, NPR News


Notes

a conversational term for a semi-trailer truck
Interstate 80 is a highway that runs from New Jersey to California.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Autonomous (adjective) : acting independently or having the freedom to do so
Extrapolate (verb) :to form an opinion or to make an estimate about something from known facts
Exponential  (adjective) : characterized by extreme rapid increase
Innumerable (adjective) : too many to be counted
The Luddites were a group of English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, which they believed was threatening their jobs. The term “Luddite” is commonly used to refer to a person who is opposed to technological advancement.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist who wrote extensively on the subject of labor and economic systems.
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) was an English economist who is widely considered the founder of modern macroeconomics.
Litany (noun) : a tedious recital or repetitive series

Notes

How does the discussion of "Luddites," "Marx," and "John Maynard Keynes" in paragraph 21 contribute to the development of the ideas presented in the interview?

How does paragraph 10 advance McAfee's argument about future employment?

What role does paragraph 23 play in developing the dialogue between the two perspectives

What purpose does the computer-composed music serve in the text's conclusion