BIOL 66 Exam 1

Last updated 9 months ago

50 questions

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Library

BIOL 66 Exam 1

Last updated 9 months ago

50 questions

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The state of relative constancy of the internal environment is called ___________.

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True

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Explain the role of the integrating center in a negative feedback loop. Give an example.

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Water’s polarity is due to shared electrons spending more time near the larger __________ atom.

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DNA has the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and __________, while RNA has uracil instead.

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Describe one structural difference between glucose and galactose. Why is this difference significant?

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The organelle responsible for ATP synthesis is the ____________.

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Define a gene. How does gene expression result in protein synthesis?

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Glycolysis produces ______ ATP per glucose molecule net.

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Compare and contrast catabolism and anabolism with examples.

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Osmosis always involves the movement of __________ across a selectively permeable membrane.

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Define isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Explain what happens to a cell in each condition.

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The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ___________.

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Explain the difference between graded potentials and action potentials.

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Action potentials are conducted faster in __________ neurons due to saltatory conduction.

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Name two catecholamines and describe one physiological function they regulate.

Which of the following is the best definition of physiology?

A) The study of heredity and variation in organisms

B) The study of biological function at all levels of organization

C) The study of structure of body parts

D) The study of chemical composition of cells

Which of these is not an organ system?

A) Endocrine

B) Circulatory

C) Nervous

D) Connective

The state of relative constancy of the internal environment is called ___________.

Negative feedback loops always amplify changes rather than counteract them.

True

False

True

False

Explain the role of the integrating center in a negative feedback loop. Give an example.

An ion forms when:

A) Atoms share electrons

B) Atoms gain or lose one or more electrons

C) Two atoms form hydrogen bonds

D) Polar covalent bonds are formed

Water’s polarity is due to shared electrons spending more time near the larger __________ atom.

Which type of bond holds two water molecules together?

A) Ionic

B) Hydrogen

C) Polar covalent

D) Nonpolar covalent

Hydrophobic molecules dissolve readily in water.

True

False

A solution made by dissolving 180 g of glucose in 1 L of water would be:

A) 0.5 M

B) 1 M

C) 2 M

D) 18 M

DNA has the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and __________, while RNA has uracil instead.

Describe one structural difference between glucose and galactose. Why is this difference significant?

Which level of protein structure refers to alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets?

A) Primary

B) Secondary

C) Tertiary

D) Quaternary

Cholesterol promotes membrane fluidity and serves as a precursor for steroid hormones.

True

False

Which organelle contains DNA and controls cell activity?

A) Nucleus

B) Ribosome

C) Lysosome

D) Golgi apparatus

The organelle responsible for ATP synthesis is the ____________.

Match organelle to function:

A) Ribosome - Protein synthesis site

B) Endoplasmic reticulum - Protein synthesis & calcium storage

C) Golgi apparatus - Modifies and packages proteins

D) Lysosome - Cleanup of damaged organelles

Splicing removes and joins in pre-mRNA.

A) Exons; introns

B) Introns; exons

C) Codons; anticodons

D) Bases; sugars

Translation occurs in the nucleus.

True

False

Define a gene. How does gene expression result in protein synthesis?

Which process directly produces the greatest amount of ATP?

A) Glycolysis

B) Citric acid cycle

C) Oxidative phosphorylation

D) Fermentation

Glycolysis produces ______ ATP per glucose molecule net.

The citric acid cycle produces NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2.

True

False

Oxygen’s role in cellular respiration is to:

A) Accept protons

B) Act as the final electron acceptor

C) Convert NADH to ATP

D) Transport CO2

Compare and contrast catabolism and anabolism with examples.

Lactic acid fermentation is an aerobic process.

True

False

Which coenzymes are essential electron carriers in metabolism?

A) ATP and ADP

B) FADH2 and NADH

C) CO2 and O2

D) Pyruvate and lactate

Movement of glucose into cells via GLUT is an example of:

A) Simple diffusion

B) Facilitated diffusion

C) Primary active transport

D) Osmosis

Diffusion requires ATP.

True

False

Osmosis always involves the movement of __________ across a selectively permeable membrane.

The Na+/K+ pump exchanges:

A) 2 Na+ out, 3 K+ in

B) 3 Na+ in, 2 K+ out

C) 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

D) 2 Na+ in, 3 K+ out

Define isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions. Explain what happens to a cell in each condition.

Resting membrane potential in a human cell is approximately:

A) -10 mV

B) -30 mV

C) -70 mV

D) -120 mV

Exocytosis involves vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.

True

False

Which nervous system division controls skeletal muscle?

A) Autonomic sympathetic

B) Autonomic parasympathetic

C) Somatic nervous system

D) Central nervous system

Interneurons connect neurons within the CNS.

True

False

The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ___________.

Which glial cell forms myelin in the CNS?

A) Schwann cell

B) Oligodendrocyte

C) Astrocyte

D) Microglia

Match neuron parts:

A) Dendrites - Receive neurotransmitters/signals

B) Axon - Conducts action potentials away from soma

C) Axon terminal - Releases neurotransmitters

Explain the difference between graded potentials and action potentials.

What is the threshold potential for initiating an action potential?

A) -40 mV

B) -55 mV

C) -70 mV

D) -90 mV

During depolarization, Na+ channels open and sodium rushes into the neuron.

True

False

Action potentials are conducted faster in __________ neurons due to saltatory conduction.

Which period ensures one-way propagation of action potentials?

A) Resting potential

B) Absolute refractory period

C) Relative refractory period

D) Hyperpolarization

EPSPs depolarize a neuron while IPSPs hyperpolarize it.

True

False

Acetylcholine is released by:

A) Adrenergic neurons

B) Cholinergic neurons

C) Dopaminergic neurons

D) Noradrenergic neurons

Name two catecholamines and describe one physiological function they regulate.

Which of the following is the best definition of physiology?

A) The study of heredity and variation in organisms

B) The study of biological function at all levels of organization

C) The study of structure of body parts

D) The study of chemical composition of cells

Which of these is not an organ system?

A) Endocrine

B) Circulatory

C) Nervous

D) Connective

Negative feedback loops always amplify changes rather than counteract them.

True

False

False

An ion forms when:

A) Atoms share electrons

B) Atoms gain or lose one or more electrons

C) Two atoms form hydrogen bonds

D) Polar covalent bonds are formed

Which type of bond holds two water molecules together?

A) Ionic

B) Hydrogen

C) Polar covalent

D) Nonpolar covalent

Hydrophobic molecules dissolve readily in water.

True

False

A solution made by dissolving 180 g of glucose in 1 L of water would be:

A) 0.5 M

B) 1 M

C) 2 M

D) 18 M

Which level of protein structure refers to alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets?

A) Primary

B) Secondary

C) Tertiary

D) Quaternary

Cholesterol promotes membrane fluidity and serves as a precursor for steroid hormones.

True

False

Which organelle contains DNA and controls cell activity?

A) Nucleus

B) Ribosome

C) Lysosome

D) Golgi apparatus

Match organelle to function:

A) Ribosome - Protein synthesis site

B) Endoplasmic reticulum - Protein synthesis & calcium storage

C) Golgi apparatus - Modifies and packages proteins

D) Lysosome - Cleanup of damaged organelles

Splicing removes __________ and joins __________ in pre-mRNA.

A) Exons; introns

B) Introns; exons

C) Codons; anticodons

D) Bases; sugars

Translation occurs in the nucleus.

True

False

Which process directly produces the greatest amount of ATP?

A) Glycolysis

B) Citric acid cycle

C) Oxidative phosphorylation

D) Fermentation

The citric acid cycle produces NADH, FADH2, ATP, and CO2.

True

False

Oxygen’s role in cellular respiration is to:

A) Accept protons

B) Act as the final electron acceptor

C) Convert NADH to ATP

D) Transport CO2

Lactic acid fermentation is an aerobic process.

True

False

Which coenzymes are essential electron carriers in metabolism?

A) ATP and ADP

B) FADH2 and NADH

C) CO2 and O2

D) Pyruvate and lactate

Movement of glucose into cells via GLUT is an example of:

A) Simple diffusion

B) Facilitated diffusion

C) Primary active transport

D) Osmosis

Diffusion requires ATP.

True

False

The Na+/K+ pump exchanges:

A) 2 Na+ out, 3 K+ in

B) 3 Na+ in, 2 K+ out

C) 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

D) 2 Na+ in, 3 K+ out

Resting membrane potential in a human cell is approximately:

A) -10 mV

B) -30 mV

C) -70 mV

D) -120 mV

Exocytosis involves vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.

True

False

Which nervous system division controls skeletal muscle?

A) Autonomic sympathetic

B) Autonomic parasympathetic

C) Somatic nervous system

D) Central nervous system

Interneurons connect neurons within the CNS.

True

False

Which glial cell forms myelin in the CNS?

A) Schwann cell

B) Oligodendrocyte

C) Astrocyte

D) Microglia

Match neuron parts:

A) Dendrites - Receive neurotransmitters/signals

B) Axon - Conducts action potentials away from soma

C) Axon terminal - Releases neurotransmitters

What is the threshold potential for initiating an action potential?

A) -40 mV

B) -55 mV

C) -70 mV

D) -90 mV

During depolarization, Na+ channels open and sodium rushes into the neuron.

True

False

Which period ensures one-way propagation of action potentials?

A) Resting potential

B) Absolute refractory period

C) Relative refractory period

D) Hyperpolarization

EPSPs depolarize a neuron while IPSPs hyperpolarize it.

True

False

Acetylcholine is released by:

A) Adrenergic neurons

B) Cholinergic neurons

C) Dopaminergic neurons

D) Noradrenergic neurons