Rubidium and bromine, elements located on opposite sides of the periodic table, readily form a product when combined, as shown in the equation.
2Rb + Br2 → 2RbBr
Atomic properties of an element can be related to the position of the element on the periodic table as shown in Figure 1.
Which piece of information found in Figure 1 is most useful in determining the number of outer electrons present in an atom?
Rubidium and bromine, elements located on opposite sides of the periodic table, readily form a product when combined, as shown in the equation.
2Rb + Br2 → 2RbBr
Atomic properties of an element can be related to the position of the element on the periodic table as shown in Figure 1.
Which is the correct formula for strontium chloride, based on the placement of each element in the periodic table?
Rubidium and bromine, elements located on opposite sides of the periodic table, readily form a product when combined, as shown in the equation.
2Rb + Br2 → 2RbBr
Atomic properties of an element can be related to the position of the element on the periodic table as shown in Figure 1.
Rubidium and bromine, elements located on opposite sides of the periodic table, readily form a product when combined, as shown in the equation.
2Rb + Br2 → 2RbBr
Atomic properties of an element can be related to the position of the element on the periodic table as shown in Figure 1.
While planes fly in refueling formation as shown in the figure, the pilot of the tanker aircraft never adjusts the throttle, but the pilot of the receiver aircraft must constantly increase the throttle to keep up with the tanker aircraft.
Air-to-air refueling is used to increase the distance an aircraft can fly. Fuel flows from a tanker aircraft to a receiver aircraft through a device called a boom, as shown in the figure.
According to Newton’s second law (F = ma), which statement best explains why the pilot of the receiver aircraft must increase the throttle to keep up with the tanker aircraft?
While planes fly in refueling formation as shown in the figure, the pilot of the tanker aircraft never adjusts the throttle, but the pilot of the receiver aircraft must constantly increase the throttle to keep up with the tanker aircraft.
Air-to-air refueling is used to increase the distance an aircraft can fly. Fuel flows from a tanker aircraft to a receiver aircraft through a device called a boom, as shown in the figure.
While planes fly in refueling formation as shown in the figure, the pilot of the tanker aircraft never adjusts the throttle, but the pilot of the receiver aircraft must constantly increase the throttle to keep up with the tanker aircraft.
Air-to-air refueling is used to increase the distance an aircraft can fly. Fuel flows from a tanker aircraft to a receiver aircraft through a device called a boom, as shown in the figure.
While planes fly in refueling formation as shown in the figure, the pilot of the tanker aircraft never adjusts the throttle, but the pilot of the receiver aircraft must constantly increase the throttle to keep up with the tanker aircraft.
Air-to-air refueling is used to increase the distance an aircraft can fly. Fuel flows from a tanker aircraft to a receiver aircraft through a device called a boom, as shown in the figure.
The tanker aircraft has a mass of 180,000 kg and has an acceleration of 2.8 m/s2 prior to refueling the receiver aircraft. The tanker transfers 40,000 kg of fuel to the receiver aircraft. According to Newton’s second law (F = ma), which statement best describes the change in acceleration for the tanker?
A bicycle tire is filled with air. As the tire approaches its maximum volume, it begins to feel noticeably warmer and the pump handle becomes harder to push down as more air is added.
The figure illustrates a bicycle tire being inflated with air. The bicycle pump adds more gas molecules from the air to the tire each time the handle is pushed down.
Which question, if answered, would best support an explanation of why the tire gets warmer as air is added?
A bicycle tire is filled with air. As the tire approaches its maximum volume, it begins to feel noticeably warmer and the pump handle becomes harder to push down as more air is added.
The figure illustrates a bicycle tire being inflated with air. The bicycle pump adds more gas molecules from the air to the tire each time the handle is pushed down.
Identify the variables that should be measured to determine the relative change in energy within a bicycle tire if air molecules continue to be added once the pump handle becomes harder to push down.
Select two of the five variables.
A bicycle tire is filled with air. As the tire approaches its maximum volume, it begins to feel noticeably warmer and the pump handle becomes harder to push down as more air is added.
The figure illustrates a bicycle tire being inflated with air. The bicycle pump adds more gas molecules from the air to the tire each time the handle is pushed down.
A clear marble made of a type of absorbent polymer (a type of plastic) is easily visible when held, but seems to disappear when placed in a glass of water.
Light with a frequency of 5.60 × 1014 Hz (Hertz) is used to test the behavior of light through the different substances. The velocity of light (v) is measured as the product of frequency (f) and wavelength (λ):
v = fλ
Figure 1 shows a polymer marble before and after it is dropped into a glass of distilled water. As indicated, the light changes velocity when it passes through each substance.
Table 1 shows light velocity data, in meters per second (m/s), for various substances.
Table 1. Velocity of Light through Different Substances
Air | Water | Polymer | Glass | |
Velocity (× 108 m/s) | 3.00 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 2.00 |
Which wavelength (λ) of the light results as it passes from water into the polymer ball?
A clear marble made of a type of absorbent polymer (a type of plastic) is easily visible when held, but seems to disappear when placed in a glass of water.
Light with a frequency of 5.60 × 1014 Hz (Hertz) is used to test the behavior of light through the different substances. The velocity of light (v) is measured as the product of frequency (f) and wavelength (λ):
v = fλ
Figure 1 shows a polymer marble before and after it is dropped into a glass of distilled water. As indicated, the light changes velocity when it passes through each substance.
Table 1 shows light velocity data, in meters per second (m/s), for various substances.
Table 1. Velocity of Light through Different Substances
Air | Water | Polymer | Glass | |
Velocity (× 108 m/s) | 3.00 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 2.00 |
A clear marble made of a type of absorbent polymer (a type of plastic) is easily visible when held, but seems to disappear when placed in a glass of water.
Light with a frequency of 5.60 × 1014 Hz (Hertz) is used to test the behavior of light through the different substances. The velocity of light (v) is measured as the product of frequency (f) and wavelength (λ):
v = fλ
Figure 1 shows a polymer marble before and after it is dropped into a glass of distilled water. As indicated, the light changes velocity when it passes through each substance.
Table 1 shows light velocity data, in meters per second (m/s), for various substances.
Table 1. Velocity of Light through Different Substances
Air | Water | Polymer | Glass | |
Velocity (× 108 m/s) | 3.00 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 2.00 |
Which observations are consistent with the given information and diagrams, and could help explain why the polymer ball is visible in air but invisible in water?
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
Use an English letter from Table 3 to construct an explanation about how the sequence of the magnetic interactions between the write head and the magnetic grains are used to store information.
Enter your answer in the box. Support your answer with evidence from the information in Figure 1.
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
How many bits are required to store an image of 1 MB?
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
Hot Coffee
Despite being in a cold room, coffee stays hot in a container for a long time.
The transfer of heat energy from an object can be calculated using the heat transfer equation:
Where:
thermal energy, in joules (J)
mass of the substance, in kilograms,
specific heat of the substance, the energy required to increase 1 kg of the substance by , in andchange in temperature, in
The amount of heat lost through conduction is calculated using the conduction equation:
Where:
heat transfer, in watts (W),
heat conductivity of the substance into which heat is transferred, in and
area of the radiating surface, in
A cup containing 0.2 kg of coffee sat for several hours at room temperature,
.Based on the heat transfer equation, and assuming that the specific heat of coffee is approximately
how much thermal energy, in joules (J), would be required to warm the coffee up toHot Coffee
Despite being in a cold room, coffee stays hot in a container for a long time.
The transfer of heat energy from an object can be calculated using the heat transfer equation:
Where:
thermal energy, in joules (J)
mass of the substance, in kilograms,
specific heat of the substance, the energy required to increase 1 kg of the substance by , in andchange in temperature, in
The amount of heat lost through conduction is calculated using the conduction equation:
Where:
heat transfer, in watts (W),
heat conductivity of the substance into which heat is transferred, in and
area of the radiating surface, in
A cup of coffee at
is placed in a closed car with an air temperature of . The air temperature outside the car is Based on the data, and assuming no other heat energy is introduced into the system, complete the model that shows how energy would transfer within the system.Drag the answers to the correct boxes. Answers may be used more than once. Not all answers will be used.


Based on the data, what was an immediate effect of recombination?
While planes fly in refueling formation as shown in the figure, the pilot of the tanker aircraft never adjusts the throttle, but the pilot of the receiver aircraft must constantly increase the throttle to keep up with the tanker aircraft.
Air-to-air refueling is used to increase the distance an aircraft can fly. Fuel flows from a tanker aircraft to a receiver aircraft through a device called a boom, as shown in the figure.
The letter “Z” is written as “01011010” in binary code. Identify the correct combination of signs on the current meter to write the letter “Z.”
Select all of the correct answers.
Current Meter = Positive | Current Meter = Negative | |
|---|---|---|
Bit 1 | ||
Bit 2 | ||
Bit 3 | ||
Bit 4 | ||
Bit 5 | ||
Bit 6 | ||
Bit 7 | ||
Bit 8 |
Each capital English letter is stored by a sequence of magnetic interactions between the write head and the magnetic grains, as shown in the table. A bit string is obtained by writing bits 1–8 from left to right.
Table 3. 8-Bit Strings Representing Two English Capital Letters
Bit Number | Magnetic Interaction Sequence | |
Letter “O” | Letter “R” | |
1 | repulsive | repulsive |
2 | attractive | attractive |
3 | repulsive | repulsive |
4 | repulsive | attractive |
5 | attractive | repulsive |
6 | attractive | repulsive |
7 | attractive | attractive |
8 | attractive | repulsive |
Construct an explanation about how wave interactions store information on a hard disk drive.
Enter your answer in the box. Support your answer with evidence from the information in Figure 1.
Make a claim about:
the type of magnetic interaction that is produced when a current is applied to the write head;
why this magnetic interaction is produced, and
the bit that results from this interaction.
Enter your answer in the box. Support your claim with evidence from the information in Figure 1.
What is most important to the process of storing information on a hard disk drive?
Select two of the five statements.
The law of conservation of energy is represented by the equation:
A student wants to cool a cup of coffee by adding ice at a temperature of
to 0.2 kg of coffee at a temperature of . The specific hear of coffee is and ice isUsing the conservation of energy equation and the heat transfer equation, and assuming the system is closed and heat transfer to or from the surroundings and the cup are minimal, how much ice is needed to reduce the temperature of the coffee to
?CMB and Recombination
There is faint microwave light coming from every direction in the sky.
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the oldest light that currently exists in the universe. Scientists use the existence of the CMB to provide evidence for the big bang theory, a theory that states the universe expanded from a single point and then existed in a state of plasma that was so hot, atoms could not form. The CMB was produced 370,000 years after the big bang, following an event called recombination, during which protons and electrons could come together to form neutral hydrogen. The evolution of the universe, starting with the big bang, is shown in Figure 1.
Based on Figure 1, put the following events in chronological order.
Drag the events to arrange them in correct order from earliest (top) to most recent (bottom).

Based on the data, what is the best hypothesis for how recombination led to the CMB?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
A magnetic field and radiofrequency pulse applied to the body produces a highly detailed image of body tissues.
Figure 1 shows how magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces detailed, multi-dimensional images that are used to detect, diagnose, and monitor diseases in body tissues.
After the RF pulse, the protons in an MRI's MF give off small amounts of energy and then return to their original alignment, a process called relaxation. Different types of tissues look different in the image because they relax at different rates:
Fat-containing tissue has a short relaxation time.
Water-containing tissue has a long relaxation time.
Diseased tissue has an intermediate-length relaxation time.
Based on the data, which proton data most likely represent MRI samples of primarily diseased tissue?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Based on the data, how could the magnetic field be changed to create a clearer MRI image?
Table 1 describes the color and/or brightness of the images produced by the three most commonly used MRI scanning techniques.
Different MRI techniques can change proton relaxation times, thus changing the appearance and contrast of tissues. A researcher plans to do additional MRI studies, and needs to choose a technique and tissue type that shows the most contrast between healthy tissue and diseased tissue.
Based on the Table 1, which combination of MRI technique and tissue type would achieve this goal?