A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
Use an English letter from Table 3 to construct an explanation about how the sequence of the magnetic interactions between the write head and the magnetic grains are used to store information.
Enter your answer in the box. Support your answer with evidence from the information in Figure 1.
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
How many bits are required to store an image of 1 MB?
Type your answer in the box provided.
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
How many bits are required to store an image of 1 MB?
A single hard disk drive can contain all the information from many libraries. When putting the information onto the disk, the disk does not change in size or composition.
Hard disk drives were first introduced in 1954 and remained a dominant technology for over 50 years.
An electromagnetic wave is generated when the direction of current is repeatedly reversed. This wave creates an alternating magnetic field. Hard disk drives use a part called a write head to store information as bits. When current goes through the write head, it becomes magnetic, which magnetizes the grains. This magnetic interaction allows information to be stored in the magnetized grains of the disk as either a “0” or a “1,” with each 0 or 1 being considered a single bit. This system of using zeros and ones to store information is known as binary code. Bits are shown as downward- or upward-pointing arrows in Figure 1.
Information is stored in larger groups of bits, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Number of Bits in Larger Units
Unit | Value |
1 bit | one “0” OR one “1” |
1 byte | 8 bits |
1 kB | 1,000 bytes |
1 MB | 1,000,000 bytes |
1 GB | 1,000,000,000 bytes |
Each capital English letter is represented by a one-byte string that contains eight bits, as shown in the table. Each byte is read from left to right.
Table 2. 8-Bit Strings Representing English Capital Letters
Letter | Bit String |
A | 01000001 |
B | 01000010 |
C | 01000011 |
D | 01000100 |
E | 01000101 |
F | 01000110 |
G | 01000111 |
H | 01001000 |
I | 01001001 |
J | 01001010 |
K | 01001011 |
L | 01001100 |
The following bit string was recovered from a corrupted hard disk drive by measuring the magnetic interactions stored by the magnetic grains.
Bit Number | Magnetic Interaction |
Bit 1 | repulsive |
Bit 2 | attractive |
Bit 3 | repulsive |
Bit 4 | repulsive |
Bit 5 | attractive |
Bit 6 | repulsive |
Bit 7 | attractive |
Bit 8 | repulsive |
Which capital letter was recovered?
Type your answer in the box provided.
Information about Earth’s early history may be contained in materials from Mars, the Moon, and meteorites.
Various theories have been presented to explain the formation of the Moon during the early history of Earth:
Fission Theory: The Moon formed when a small, outer portion of the spinning Earth separated from the larger body and moved into space.
Capture Theory: The Moon formed elsewhere in the solar system, but in a similar manner to Earth. It then moved toward Earth and was captured by Earth’s gravity.
Condensation Theory: The Moon formed separately from Earth, but in a similar manner and in the same vicinity.
Impact Theory: The Moon formed following a violent impact between Earth and a Mars-sized object. The impact caused the outer portion of molten Earth to be ejected. Gravity caused the debris to attract and eventually combine to form the Moon.
The comparison of certain types of atoms, called isotopes, found on the Moon and elsewhere in the solar system may provide information about how the Moon formed. Ratios of specific oxygen isotopes present in rock vary with location in the solar system. The figure shows the oxygen isotope distribution trends in rock samples from the surfaces of Earth, Mars, the Moon, and Vesta.
Complete the statement that explains how oxygen isotope evidence could support the Fission or Impact theory.
Complete the sentence by choosing the correct answers from the drop-down menus.
Based on Figure 1, for the Fission or Impact theory to be plausible, the composition of the foreign body would have had to be that of .
Information about Earth’s early history may be contained in materials from Mars, the Moon, and meteorites.
Various theories have been presented to explain the formation of the Moon during the early history of Earth:
Fission Theory: The Moon formed when a small, outer portion of the spinning Earth separated from the larger body and moved into space.
Capture Theory: The Moon formed elsewhere in the solar system, but in a similar manner to Earth. It then moved toward Earth and was captured by Earth’s gravity.
Condensation Theory: The Moon formed separately from Earth, but in a similar manner and in the same vicinity.
Impact Theory: The Moon formed following a violent impact between Earth and a Mars-sized object. The impact caused the outer portion of molten Earth to be ejected. Gravity caused the debris to attract and eventually combine to form the Moon.
Though Earth and the Moon have numerous common elements in their compositions, the Moon has fewer volatile materials. Scientist believe that temperatures on the Moon reached at least 1,400 °C at the time of its formation.
Table 2. Elements on Earth Also Found on the Moon
Element | Boiling Point (°C) |
|---|---|
Potassium | 765 |
Sodium | 883 |
Zinc | 910 |
Based on Table 2, correctly complete the statement that identifies which theory best accounts for the lack of volatile elements on the Moon.
Complete the sentence by choosing the correct answers from the drop-down menus.
Thetheory best explains the lack of volatile elements on the Moon because the tremendousin pressure associated with this theory would generate the heat necessary to volatilize some elements.
Information about Earth’s early history may be contained in materials from Mars, the Moon, and meteorites.
Various theories have been presented to explain the formation of the Moon during the early history of Earth:
Fission Theory: The Moon formed when a small, outer portion of the spinning Earth separated from the larger body and moved into space.
Capture Theory: The Moon formed elsewhere in the solar system, but in a similar manner to Earth. It then moved toward Earth and was captured by Earth’s gravity.
Condensation Theory: The Moon formed separately from Earth, but in a similar manner and in the same vicinity.
Impact Theory: The Moon formed following a violent impact between Earth and a Mars-sized object. The impact caused the outer portion of molten Earth to be ejected. Gravity caused the debris to attract and eventually combine to form the Moon.
Every planetary body in the solar system has a specific composition and density. Based on the data, indicate which statement would support each formation theory.
Select all of the correct answers.
Fission | Capture | Condensation | Impact | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Earth and the Moon have similar compositions. | ||||
Earth and the Moon have different compositions. |
Rubidium and bromine, elements located on opposite sides of the periodic table, readily form a product when combined, as shown in the equation.
2Rb + Br2 → 2RbBr
Atomic properties of an element can be related to the position of the element on the periodic table as shown in Figure 1.
Which piece of information found in Figure 1 is most useful in determining the number of outer electrons present in an atom?
Rubidium and bromine, elements located on opposite sides of the periodic table, readily form a product when combined, as shown in the equation.
2Rb + Br2 → 2RbBr
Atomic properties of an element can be related to the position of the element on the periodic table as shown in Figure 1.
Which is the correct formula for strontium chloride, based on the placement of each element in the periodic table?
Rubidium and bromine, elements located on opposite sides of the periodic table, readily form a product when combined, as shown in the equation.
2Rb + Br2 → 2RbBr
Atomic properties of an element can be related to the position of the element on the periodic table as shown in Figure 1.
Based on its position on the periodic table, predict the charge that strontium (Sr) will take when forming a compound.
Complete the sentence by choosing the correct answers from the drop-down menus.
When strontium forms a compound, it will have a harge with a magnitude (number) of .
Rubidium and bromine, elements located on opposite sides of the periodic table, readily form a product when combined, as shown in the equation.
2Rb + Br2 → 2RbBr
Atomic properties of an element can be related to the position of the element on the periodic table as shown in Figure 1.
Describe the bonding between the elements.
Complete the sentence by choosing the correct answer from the drop-down menu.
Based on the positions of both rubidium and bromine on the periodic table, a student could claim the bond that would form between these elements would be a(n)
A bicycle tire is filled with air. As the tire approaches its maximum volume, it begins to feel noticeably warmer and the pump handle becomes harder to push down as more air is added.
The figure illustrates a bicycle tire being inflated with air. The bicycle pump adds more gas molecules from the air to the tire each time the handle is pushed down.
Which question, if answered, would best support an explanation of why the tire gets warmer as air is added?
A bicycle tire is filled with air. As the tire approaches its maximum volume, it begins to feel noticeably warmer and the pump handle becomes harder to push down as more air is added.
The figure illustrates a bicycle tire being inflated with air. The bicycle pump adds more gas molecules from the air to the tire each time the handle is pushed down.
Identify the variables that should be measured to determine the relative change in energy within a bicycle tire if air molecules continue to be added once the pump handle becomes harder to push down.
Select two of the five variables.
A bicycle tire is filled with air. As the tire approaches its maximum volume, it begins to feel noticeably warmer and the pump handle becomes harder to push down as more air is added.
The figure illustrates a bicycle tire being inflated with air. The bicycle pump adds more gas molecules from the air to the tire each time the handle is pushed down.
Select from the drop-down menus to correctly compare each given factor before and after air molecules are pumped into a bicycle tire.
Complete the table by choosing the correct answers from the drop-down menus.
Factor | Before | After |
Number of air molecules per unit volume | ||
Total energy of air molecules in the tire | ||
Number of collisions per second between the gas molecules and the tire |
Hot Coffee
Despite being in a cold room, coffee stays hot in a container for a long time.
The transfer of heat energy from an object can be calculated using the heat transfer equation:
Where:
thermal energy, in joules (J)
mass of the substance, in kilograms,
specific heat of the substance, the energy required to increase 1 kg of the substance by , in andchange in temperature, in
The amount of heat lost through conduction is calculated using the conduction equation:
Where:
heat transfer, in watts (W),
heat conductivity of the substance into which heat is transferred, in and
area of the radiating surface, in
A cup containing 0.2 kg of coffee sat for several hours at room temperature,
.Based on the heat transfer equation, and assuming that the specific heat of coffee is approximately
how much thermal energy, in joules (J), would be required to warm the coffee up toHot Coffee
Despite being in a cold room, coffee stays hot in a container for a long time.
The transfer of heat energy from an object can be calculated using the heat transfer equation:
Where:
thermal energy, in joules (J)
mass of the substance, in kilograms,
specific heat of the substance, the energy required to increase 1 kg of the substance by , in andchange in temperature, in
The amount of heat lost through conduction is calculated using the conduction equation:
Where:
heat transfer, in watts (W),
heat conductivity of the substance into which heat is transferred, in and
area of the radiating surface, in
A cup of coffee at
is placed in a closed car with an air temperature of . The air temperature outside the car is Based on the data, and assuming no other heat energy is introduced into the system, complete the model that shows how energy would transfer within the system.Drag the answers to the correct boxes. Answers may be used more than once. Not all answers will be used.


Based on the data, what was an immediate effect of recombination?
A student claims that each hydrogen proton in a water molecule acts like a tiny magnet due to its rotation and orientation. Based on Figure 2, identify the data that support this claim.
Complete the sentence by choosing the correct answers from the drop-down menus.
When applied during an MRI, of the water protons align in the same direction; however, outside the MRI, water protons in the body align Earth's MF.
The letter “Z” is written as “01011010” in binary code. Identify the correct combination of signs on the current meter to write the letter “Z.”
Select all of the correct answers.
Current Meter = Positive | Current Meter = Negative | |
|---|---|---|
Bit 1 | ||
Bit 2 | ||
Bit 3 | ||
Bit 4 | ||
Bit 5 | ||
Bit 6 | ||
Bit 7 | ||
Bit 8 |
Each capital English letter is stored by a sequence of magnetic interactions between the write head and the magnetic grains, as shown in the table. A bit string is obtained by writing bits 1–8 from left to right.
Table 3. 8-Bit Strings Representing Two English Capital Letters
Bit Number | Magnetic Interaction Sequence | |
Letter “O” | Letter “R” | |
1 | repulsive | repulsive |
2 | attractive | attractive |
3 | repulsive | repulsive |
4 | repulsive | attractive |
5 | attractive | repulsive |
6 | attractive | repulsive |
7 | attractive | attractive |
8 | attractive | repulsive |
Construct an explanation about how wave interactions store information on a hard disk drive.
Enter your answer in the box. Support your answer with evidence from the information in Figure 1.
Make a claim about:
the type of magnetic interaction that is produced when a current is applied to the write head;
why this magnetic interaction is produced, and
the bit that results from this interaction.
Enter your answer in the box. Support your claim with evidence from the information in Figure 1.
What is most important to the process of storing information on a hard disk drive?
Select two of the five statements.
A student claims that putting the same amount of coffee in a larger cup will cause the coffee to cool more slowly. Indicate whether the claim is supported or is not supported by the data.
Complete the sentencesby choosing the correct answers from the drop-down menus.
Using the equation, the larger cup the rate of heat loss. Therefore, the claim is by the data.
The law of conservation of energy is represented by the equation:
A student wants to cool a cup of coffee by adding ice at a temperature of
to 0.2 kg of coffee at a temperature of . The specific hear of coffee is and ice isUsing the conservation of energy equation and the heat transfer equation, and assuming the system is closed and heat transfer to or from the surroundings and the cup are minimal, how much ice is needed to reduce the temperature of the coffee to
?CMB and Recombination
There is faint microwave light coming from every direction in the sky.
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the oldest light that currently exists in the universe. Scientists use the existence of the CMB to provide evidence for the big bang theory, a theory that states the universe expanded from a single point and then existed in a state of plasma that was so hot, atoms could not form. The CMB was produced 370,000 years after the big bang, following an event called recombination, during which protons and electrons could come together to form neutral hydrogen. The evolution of the universe, starting with the big bang, is shown in Figure 1.
Based on Figure 1, put the following events in chronological order.
Drag the events to arrange them in correct order from earliest (top) to most recent (bottom).

Based on the data, what is the best hypothesis for how recombination led to the CMB?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
A magnetic field and radiofrequency pulse applied to the body produces a highly detailed image of body tissues.
Figure 1 shows how magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) produces detailed, multi-dimensional images that are used to detect, diagnose, and monitor diseases in body tissues.
After the RF pulse, the protons in an MRI's MF give off small amounts of energy and then return to their original alignment, a process called relaxation. Different types of tissues look different in the image because they relax at different rates:
Fat-containing tissue has a short relaxation time.
Water-containing tissue has a long relaxation time.
Diseased tissue has an intermediate-length relaxation time.
Based on the data, which proton data most likely represent MRI samples of primarily diseased tissue?
Based on the data, how could the magnetic field be changed to create a clearer MRI image?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Table 1 describes the color and/or brightness of the images produced by the three most commonly used MRI scanning techniques.
Different MRI techniques can change proton relaxation times, thus changing the appearance and contrast of tissues. A researcher plans to do additional MRI studies, and needs to choose a technique and tissue type that shows the most contrast between healthy tissue and diseased tissue.
Based on the Table 1, which combination of MRI technique and tissue type would achieve this goal?