(2025) U.S. History A -- Final Exam

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All of the following contributed to the industrial boom during the Gilded Age EXCEPT:

Increased government regulation which made business practices more safe

A wealth of natural resources such as coal, iron, and oil

New technology and innovations

The government’s laissez-faire economic policy

Vertical and Horizontal Integration, business strategies used by tycoons like Andrew Carnegie, led to which of the following?

Companies becoming smaller

Increased competition among smaller companies

The discovery of new scientific methods to make factories more efficient

One company buying out their competitors to control the market

Which of the following best describes why people like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and Cornelius Vanderbilt were considered Robber Barons?

Before they became rich, they were well-known criminals who made a living off pickpocketing

They often donated much of their fortune to construct libraries, schools, and other civic buildings

None of the men listed above are generally considered Robber Barons

They made their wealth through brutal business practices that allowed them to raise their prices extraordinarily high

The Progressive movement of the early 1900s was primarily focused on which business-related issue?

Passing high tariffs to protect domestic industries from foreign competition

Increasing regulation on businesses to protect consumers and workers

Ending federal regulation of the banking system

Authorizing tax reductions for large corporations

What group do the large men at the back of the room represent?

Labor unions

Wealthy monopolists

Typical American citizens

Very powerful Senators

What is the main idea of this cartoon?

Senators work for the labor unions

Ordinary people are not allowed in the Senate

The Senate is working for the people, not for special interests

Owners of business monopolies have more influence than the government

Why are the men in the back of the picture so large?

To represent how much land their companies take up

The men in the back are considered more important than the ones in the front of the picture

The men in the back all have canes, meaning they can’t walk without the help of the Senate

Which of the following best describes Americans’ nativist attitude towards immigrants in the late 1800s?

Nativist attitudes led to Americans treating immigrants well due to their superior scores on literacy tests and strong work ethic

Nativist attitudes led to Americans treating immigrants poorly due to their cultural differences and willingness to work for lower wages

Americans often welcomed immigrants, happy that the country was becoming more diverse

Americans did not feel any particular way about the surge of immigrants entering the country

How did nativism influence the United States' policy on immigration?

Resulted in the removal of all immigration laws regarding people from Europe

Called for open immigration from all countries and led to the removal of the quota system

Nativists didn't care about immigration, they cared about native wildlife

Led to laws such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentleman’s Agreement which reduced immigration

In the early 1900s, problems with overcrowding, high crime rates, and poor sanitation in big cities were most directly a result of:

Labor unions

Rapid urbanization

Muckrakers’ influence

Westward migration

Initiatives such as the recall, referendum, and direct primary are three examples of Progressive Era policies. How did they meet the goals of the Progressive movement?

Each of these laws resulted in increasing citizens’ control of their government

Each of these laws resulted in decreasing the amount of money that candidates spent on their campaigns

They established term limits for congressmen

They increased support for third-party presidential candidates

Upton Sinclair and Ida M. Tarbell were considered muckrakers because they:

Criticized the growing power of labor unions

Supported the need for reforms in education

Raised concerns about the negative effects of working conditions in factories

Opposed initiatives such as the recall, referendum, and direct primary

Based on this map of women's suffrage, you could infer that Kansas (KAN.) was _________________ than Missouri (MO.) in the early 1900s.

More progressive

Home to more women

Less progressive

Less concerned with conservation

“No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.” --Booker T. Washington

This quote supports which of the following statements?

Segregation does not violate the Constitution

Scientific principles should be used to make society and the workplace more efficient

Alcohol undermines American morals

Education is an important step towards ending racism

Why did muckrakers like Lewis Hine take these photos?

They were helping foster efficiency by applying scientific studies to examine how quickly industrial tasks could be performed

They wanted to expose the unsafe working conditions, child labor practices, and poorly made products within factories

They wanted to emphasize the virtue of hard work to young children

They pushed for the moral improvement of society by exposing the poor personal behavior that resulted from alcohol consumption

The purpose of Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal was to:

Broker a peace treaty between Spain and America after the Spanish American War

Ensure that the common people were treated fairly by the government and businesses

Find a compromise between the North and the South regarding segregation

Ensure that businesses would continue to operate with little government oversight

In the late 1800s, an increased demand for raw materials and a desire for new markets contributed to the United States adopting a policy of:

Pacifism

Collective security

Isolationism

Imperialism

Which of the following best serves as evidence for the claim that Alfred T. Mahan was an imperialist?

Alfred T. Mahan encouraged Congress to sell Alaska to Russia

Alfred T. Mahan encouraged the government to leave Hawaii alone

Alfred T. Mahan urged Congress to increase the size of the U.S. Navy

Alfred T. Mahan led an army of volunteer soldiers known as the Rough Riders to fight in the Spanish-American War

How does this cartoon about the Open Door Policy with China reflect the goals of American imperialists?

Imperialists were eager to ensure that America could trade with China

This cartoon represents a return to laissez-faire economic policy

One of the goals of imperialists was increased government support of trade unions

This cartoon represents a reduction in the size of the military

Why did American sugar planters in Hawaii call for the United States to annex the islands?

Queen Liliuokalani had led a revolt against Sanford B. Dole, the legitimate president of Hawaii

Hawaii was under the threat of invasion by Japan; planters wanted the United States to intervene

Native Hawaiians were using violence to remove the American planters

The American sugar planters would benefit from better trade with the United States

What was a major purpose of these 1898 newspaper headlines?

Punishing the citizens of Cuba

Supporting humanitarian aid for the suffering Cuban people

Getting Americans to support war against Spain

Promoting peace between Spain and the United States

Which of the following best serves as evidence for the claim that Theodore Roosevelt was an imperialist?

He led the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry regiment, into battle against Spain

He sold the territory of Alaska to Russia

He resigned his post as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in protest of the war against Spain

He discouraged American support for war with Spain.

The Treaty of Paris (1898) granted the formerly Spanish territories of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States. Which of the following best describes the criticisms of this treaty?

Anti-imperialists argued that the treaty was not harsh enough on Spain.

Imperialists argued that these colonies had won their independence during the war and should thus be independent nations.

Anti-imperialists argued that the treaty denied these territories self-government, making the United States no better than Spain.

Imperialists argued that this was spreading the United States military too thin; it needed to be concentrated on more local affairs.

Which of the following maps correctly identifies Latin America, the area identified by the Roosevelt Corollary as being within the United States' sphere of influence?

On June 28th, 1914, this man was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo. This event kicked off World War I.

French premier Georges Clemenceau

American president Woodrow Wilson

Italian prime minister Vittorio Orlando

Austro-Hungarian archduke Franz Ferdinand

former president Theodore Roosevelt

British prime minister David Lloyd George

During World War I, which countries comprised the Central Powers?

The Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

Great Britain, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland

The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire

The United States, Canada, and Mexico

At the beginning of World War I, which countries made up the Allies?

Russia, France, and Great Britain

Serbia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Yugoslavia

The United States, Russia, and Japan

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Which allied country left World War I in 1917 after undergoing a revolution, reemerging as the communist Soviet Union?

The United States Joins the War
To meet the government’s need for more fighting power, Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May 1917. The act required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. By the end of 1918, 24 million men had registered under the act. Of this number, almost 3 million were called up. About 2 million troops reached Europe before the truce was signed, and three-fourths of them saw actual combat. Most of the inductees had not attended high school, and about one in five was foreign-born.
The eight-month training period took place partly in the United States and partly in Europe. During this time, the men put in 17-hour days on target practice, bayonet drill, kitchen duty, and cleaning up the grounds. Since real weapons were in short supply, soldiers often drilled with fake weapons. They used rocks instead of hand grenades or wooden poles instead of rifles.

Which of the following best describes the level of preparation of the United States in joining the war?

Because so many people were still opposed to the war, draftees often deserted the military in large numbers.

The United States needed more fighting power than it currently had, so it did whatever it could to quickly raise and train soldiers.

The United States had a large Army that was ready to join the fight as soon as war was declared.

The United States had an Army made up of highly educated, veteran soldiers who were well equipped with top-of-the-line equipment.

The United States Joins the War
To meet the government’s need for more fighting power, Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May 1917. The act required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. By the end of 1918, 24 million men had registered under the act. Of this number, almost 3 million were called up. About 2 million troops reached Europe before the truce was signed, and three-fourths of them saw actual combat. Most of the inductees had not attended high school, and about one in five was foreign-born.
The eight-month training period took place partly in the United States and partly in Europe. During this time, the men put in 17-hour days on target practice, bayonet drill, kitchen duty, and cleaning up the grounds. Since real weapons were in short supply, soldiers often drilled with fake weapons. They used rocks instead of hand grenades or wooden poles instead of rifles.

What was the United States’ primary concern in raising an army during WWI?

Getting as many soldiers as they could, as quickly as they could.

Ensuring that all the soldiers could understand at least a little bit of the German language

Ensuring that all the soldiers were native-born Americans with a high level of education

Ensuring that experienced soldiers signed up to serve in the military

A New Kind of War
Not only did World War I see the use of trench warfare, but it saw the first large-scale use of weapons that would become standard in modern war. Although some of these weapons were new, others, like the machine gun, had been so refined that they changed the nature of warfare. The new guns could hit targets that were miles away. And capable of firing 600 rounds a minute, machine guns could inflict heavy casualties on the enemy. In fact, they were responsible for 90 percent of Allied casualties at the Battle of the Somme in 1916.

How did new technologies change the nature of warfare during WWI?

Newer technologies made weaponry more precise and efficient. Wounds were easier to clean and heal, which made warfare more humane.

Each of these inventions provided a new way for armies to inflict devastating casualties on their enemies, leading to a much higher death toll than any previous war.

Because Germany had the most advanced weaponry, it made it easy for them to quickly take over all of Europe.

New technologies made it possible for small groups of soldiers to inflict massive casualties on an enemy. This allowed countries to place fewer soldiers on the battlefield, leading to less deaths overall.

How do Wilson’s Fourteen Points address the causes of World War I?

Wilson’s Fourteen Points demand that Austria-Hungary receives compensation for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points were looking for ways to make Germany pay for its war crimes so that Germany could not wage another world war.

The Fourteen Points directly address the concerns of Germany and attempt to appease its leaders so that they will not seek revenge.

The Fourteen Points directly address the problems of nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and the alliance system and attempts to ensure world peace.

Based on his Fourteen Points and the quote above, which of the following best summarizes Woodrow Wilson’s desires for the post-war world?

Woodrow Wilson wants to ensure that the United States comes out of the war as the most powerful country in the world.

Woodrow Wilson desires that each country is treated fairly and gains the right to self-determination.

Woodrow Wilson wants to make Germany pay for their aggression.

Woodrow Wilson wishes to return the world to what it was before the start of the war.

Which country was made to sign a war-guilt clause as one of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, taking the entirety of the blame for WWI?

Serbia

The United States

Austria-Hungary

Germany

Postwar Fears
Many Americans responded to the stressful conditions by becoming fearful of outsiders. Such unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign or strange is called xenophobia. A wave of nativism, or prejudice against foreign-born people, swept the nation. World War I had caused a wave of anti-German sentiment, which continued after the war’s end.
For example, some schools stopped teaching German language classes and some Americans of German heritage changed their names to be more English-sounding. Anti-Semitism, or the hatred of Jews, also increased during the 1920s, as immigration from Jewish communities in Eastern Europe surged.
Also prevalent was a belief in isolationism, a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. Isolationism was in contrast to internationalism, the engagement in global concerns that had begun to develop in the previous century.

After World War I, many Americans developed a sense of ___________, or an unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign or strange.

Internationalism

isolationism

nativism/xenophobia

anti-semitism

Postwar Fears
Many Americans responded to the stressful conditions by becoming fearful of outsiders. Such unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign or strange is called xenophobia. A wave of nativism, or prejudice against foreign-born people, swept the nation. World War I had caused a wave of anti-German sentiment, which continued after the war’s end.
For example, some schools stopped teaching German language classes and some Americans of German heritage changed their names to be more English-sounding. Anti-Semitism, or the hatred of Jews, also increased during the 1920s, as immigration from Jewish communities in Eastern Europe surged.
Also prevalent was a belief in isolationism, a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. Isolationism was in contrast to internationalism, the engagement in global concerns that had begun to develop in the previous century.

According to the passage, against which people was much of this sense directed towards?

Native Americans

Germans

Asians

African Americans

Postwar Fears
Many Americans responded to the stressful conditions by becoming fearful of outsiders. Such unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign or strange is called xenophobia. A wave of nativism, or prejudice against foreign-born people, swept the nation. World War I had caused a wave of anti-German sentiment, which continued after the war’s end.
For example, some schools stopped teaching German language classes and some Americans of German heritage changed their names to be more English-sounding. Anti-Semitism, or the hatred of Jews, also increased during the 1920s, as immigration from Jewish communities in Eastern Europe surged.
Also prevalent was a belief in isolationism, a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. Isolationism was in contrast to internationalism, the engagement in global concerns that had begun to develop in the previous century.

Why was this sense directed against those people?

The strong cultural difference between Asians and Americans led to a fear of those strange, foreign differences.

America had just fought a war against Germany

Native Americans were seen as less civilized than Americans, often considered “savages”

Despite the repeal of slavery, there was still much prejudice against African Americans

The Flapper
During the twenties, a new ideal emerged for some women: the flapper. This was a liberated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day. Close-fitting felt hats, bright waistless dresses an inch above the knees, skin-toned silk stockings, sleek pumps, and strings of beads replaced the dark and prim ankle-length dresses, whalebone corsets, and petticoats of Victorian days. Young women clipped their long hair into boyish bobs and dyed it jet black.
Many young women became more assertive. In their bid for equal status with men, some began smoking cigarettes, drinking in public, and talking openly about sex. These same actions would have ruined their reputations not many years before.
They danced the foxtrot, camel walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy with abandon.
Attitudes toward marriage changed as well. Many middle-class men and women began to view marriage as more of an equal partnership, although both agreed that housework and child-rearing remained a woman's job.

Which of the following correctly describes the new views that many women had toward marriage?

Marriage should not be based on romantic love and companionship.

Men should handle the housework and child-rearing duties.

Marriage should be more of an equal partnership between men and women.

Women should not work outside of the home and should only focus on raising children.

The Flapper
During the twenties, a new ideal emerged for some women: the flapper. This was a liberated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day. Close-fitting felt hats, bright waistless dresses an inch above the knees, skin-toned silk stockings, sleek pumps, and strings of beads replaced the dark and prim ankle-length dresses, whalebone corsets, and petticoats of Victorian days. Young women clipped their long hair into boyish bobs and dyed it jet black.
Many young women became more assertive. In their bid for equal status with men, some began smoking cigarettes, drinking in public, and talking openly about sex. These same actions would have ruined their reputations not many years before.
They danced the foxtrot, camel walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy with abandon.
Attitudes toward marriage changed as well. Many middle-class men and women began to view marriage as more of an equal partnership, although both agreed that housework and child-rearing remained a woman's job.

How did flappers rebel against the earlier styles and attitudes of the Victorian age?

They grew their hair long.

They altered their attitudes toward marriage.

They became less assertive.

They embraced new fashions.

Fear of Communism
One perceived threat to American life was the spread of communism, an
economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled
by a dictatorship. In order to equalize wealth and power, Communists
would put an end to private property, substituting government ownership
of factories, railroads, and other businesses.

The Red Scare
The panic in the United States began in 1919, after revolutionaries in Russia overthrew the czarist regime. Vladimir I. Lenin and his followers, or Bolsheviks (“the majority”), established a new Communist state. Waving their symbolic red flag, Communists, or “Reds,” cried out for a worldwide revolution that would abolish capitalism everywhere. A Communist Party formed in the United States. Some 70,000 radicals joined, including some from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). When several dozen bombs were mailed to government and business leaders, the public grew fearful that the Communists were taking over. A “Red Scare” gripped the country. U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer took the lead in trying to eradicate what many Americans saw as a real threat.

The Red Scare of the 1920s was fueled by the fear that...?

Communist ideas might spread in the United States.

Workers’ strikes might take a violent turn.

Italian immigrants might start illegal businesses.

Another world war might begin.

The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that resulted from what other significant event?

The Great Migration

The passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act

The sinking of the Lusitania

The rise of labor unions

American Industries Flourish
“The new president, Calvin Coolidge, fit into the pro-business spirit of the 1920s very well. It was he who said, "the chief business of the American people is business.... The man who builds a factory builds a temple – the man who works there worships there." Both Coolidge and his Republican successor, Herbert Hoover, favored government policies that would keep taxes down and business profits up, and give businesses more available credit in order to expand. Their goal was to minimize government involvement in business and to allow private enterprise to flourish.”

According to this passage of text, which of the following best describes the government’s attitude towards business during the 1920s?

The government was working to transition the country into a wartime economy.

All of the following contributed to the industrial boom during the Gilded Age EXCEPT:

Increased government regulation which made business practices more safe

A wealth of natural resources such as coal, iron, and oil

New technology and innovations

The government’s laissez-faire economic policy

Vertical and Horizontal Integration, business strategies used by tycoons like Andrew Carnegie, led to which of the following?

Companies becoming smaller

Increased competition among smaller companies

The discovery of new scientific methods to make factories more efficient

One company buying out their competitors to control the market

Which of the following best describes why people like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and Cornelius Vanderbilt were considered Robber Barons?

Before they became rich, they were well-known criminals who made a living off pickpocketing

They often donated much of their fortune to construct libraries, schools, and other civic buildings

None of the men listed above are generally considered Robber Barons

They made their wealth through brutal business practices that allowed them to raise their prices extraordinarily high

The Progressive movement of the early 1900s was primarily focused on which business-related issue?

Passing high tariffs to protect domestic industries from foreign competition

Increasing regulation on businesses to protect consumers and workers

Ending federal regulation of the banking system

Authorizing tax reductions for large corporations

What group do the large men at the back of the room represent?

Labor unions

Wealthy monopolists

Typical American citizens

Very powerful Senators

What is the main idea of this cartoon?

Senators work for the labor unions

Ordinary people are not allowed in the Senate

The Senate is working for the people, not for special interests

Owners of business monopolies have more influence than the government

Why are the men in the back of the picture so large?

To represent how much land their companies take up

The men in the back are considered more important than the ones in the front of the picture

The men in the back all have canes, meaning they can’t walk without the help of the Senate

Which of the following best describes Americans’ nativist attitude towards immigrants in the late 1800s?

Nativist attitudes led to Americans treating immigrants well due to their superior scores on literacy tests and strong work ethic

Nativist attitudes led to Americans treating immigrants poorly due to their cultural differences and willingness to work for lower wages

Americans often welcomed immigrants, happy that the country was becoming more diverse

Americans did not feel any particular way about the surge of immigrants entering the country

How did nativism influence the United States' policy on immigration?

Resulted in the removal of all immigration laws regarding people from Europe

Called for open immigration from all countries and led to the removal of the quota system

Nativists didn't care about immigration, they cared about native wildlife

Led to laws such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Gentleman’s Agreement which reduced immigration

In the early 1900s, problems with overcrowding, high crime rates, and poor sanitation in big cities were most directly a result of:

Labor unions

Rapid urbanization

Muckrakers’ influence

Westward migration

Initiatives such as the recall, referendum, and direct primary are three examples of Progressive Era policies. How did they meet the goals of the Progressive movement?

Each of these laws resulted in increasing citizens’ control of their government

Each of these laws resulted in decreasing the amount of money that candidates spent on their campaigns

They established term limits for congressmen

They increased support for third-party presidential candidates

Upton Sinclair and Ida M. Tarbell were considered muckrakers because they:

Criticized the growing power of labor unions

Supported the need for reforms in education

Raised concerns about the negative effects of working conditions in factories

Opposed initiatives such as the recall, referendum, and direct primary

Based on this map of women's suffrage, you could infer that Kansas (KAN.) was _________________ than Missouri (MO.) in the early 1900s.

More progressive

Home to more women

Less progressive

Less concerned with conservation

“No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.” --Booker T. Washington

This quote supports which of the following statements?

Segregation does not violate the Constitution

Scientific principles should be used to make society and the workplace more efficient

Alcohol undermines American morals

Education is an important step towards ending racism

Why did muckrakers like Lewis Hine take these photos?

They were helping foster efficiency by applying scientific studies to examine how quickly industrial tasks could be performed

They wanted to expose the unsafe working conditions, child labor practices, and poorly made products within factories

They wanted to emphasize the virtue of hard work to young children

They pushed for the moral improvement of society by exposing the poor personal behavior that resulted from alcohol consumption

The purpose of Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal was to:

Broker a peace treaty between Spain and America after the Spanish American War

Ensure that the common people were treated fairly by the government and businesses

Find a compromise between the North and the South regarding segregation

Ensure that businesses would continue to operate with little government oversight

In the late 1800s, an increased demand for raw materials and a desire for new markets contributed to the United States adopting a policy of:

Pacifism

Collective security

Isolationism

Imperialism

Which of the following best serves as evidence for the claim that Alfred T. Mahan was an imperialist?

Alfred T. Mahan encouraged Congress to sell Alaska to Russia

Alfred T. Mahan encouraged the government to leave Hawaii alone

Alfred T. Mahan urged Congress to increase the size of the U.S. Navy

Alfred T. Mahan led an army of volunteer soldiers known as the Rough Riders to fight in the Spanish-American War

How does this cartoon about the Open Door Policy with China reflect the goals of American imperialists?

Imperialists were eager to ensure that America could trade with China

This cartoon represents a return to laissez-faire economic policy

One of the goals of imperialists was increased government support of trade unions

This cartoon represents a reduction in the size of the military

Why did American sugar planters in Hawaii call for the United States to annex the islands?

Queen Liliuokalani had led a revolt against Sanford B. Dole, the legitimate president of Hawaii

Hawaii was under the threat of invasion by Japan; planters wanted the United States to intervene

Native Hawaiians were using violence to remove the American planters

The American sugar planters would benefit from better trade with the United States

What was a major purpose of these 1898 newspaper headlines?

Punishing the citizens of Cuba

Supporting humanitarian aid for the suffering Cuban people

Getting Americans to support war against Spain

Promoting peace between Spain and the United States

Which of the following best serves as evidence for the claim that Theodore Roosevelt was an imperialist?

He led the Rough Riders, a volunteer cavalry regiment, into battle against Spain

He sold the territory of Alaska to Russia

He resigned his post as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in protest of the war against Spain

He discouraged American support for war with Spain.

The Treaty of Paris (1898) granted the formerly Spanish territories of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States. Which of the following best describes the criticisms of this treaty?

Anti-imperialists argued that the treaty was not harsh enough on Spain.

Imperialists argued that these colonies had won their independence during the war and should thus be independent nations.

Anti-imperialists argued that the treaty denied these territories self-government, making the United States no better than Spain.

Imperialists argued that this was spreading the United States military too thin; it needed to be concentrated on more local affairs.

Which of the following maps correctly identifies Latin America, the area identified by the Roosevelt Corollary as being within the United States' sphere of influence?

On June 28th, 1914, this man was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo. This event kicked off World War I.

French premier Georges Clemenceau

American president Woodrow Wilson

Italian prime minister Vittorio Orlando

Austro-Hungarian archduke Franz Ferdinand

former president Theodore Roosevelt

British prime minister David Lloyd George

During World War I, which countries comprised the Central Powers?

The Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

Great Britain, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland

The German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire

The United States, Canada, and Mexico

At the beginning of World War I, which countries made up the Allies?

Russia, France, and Great Britain

Serbia, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Yugoslavia

The United States, Russia, and Japan

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Which allied country left World War I in 1917 after undergoing a revolution, reemerging as the communist Soviet Union?

Great Britain

France

United States of America

German Empire

Russian Empire

The United States Joins the War
      To meet the government’s need for more fighting power, Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May 1917. The act required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. By the end of 1918, 24 million men had registered under the act. Of this number, almost 3 million were called up. About 2 million troops reached Europe before the truce was signed, and three-fourths of them saw actual combat. Most of the inductees had not attended high school, and about one in five was foreign-born.
The eight-month training period took place partly in the United States and partly in Europe. During this time, the men put in 17-hour days on target practice, bayonet drill, kitchen duty, and cleaning up the grounds. Since real weapons were in short supply, soldiers often drilled with fake weapons. They used rocks instead of hand grenades or wooden poles instead of rifles.

Which of the following best describes the level of preparation of the United States in joining the war? 

Because so many people were still opposed to the war, draftees often deserted the military in large numbers.

The United States needed more fighting power than it currently had, so it did whatever it could to quickly raise and train soldiers.

The United States had a large Army that was ready to join the fight as soon as war was declared.

The United States had an Army made up of highly educated, veteran soldiers who were well equipped with top-of-the-line equipment.

The United States Joins the War
To meet the government’s need for more fighting power, Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May 1917. The act required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. By the end of 1918, 24 million men had registered under the act. Of this number, almost 3 million were called up. About 2 million troops reached Europe before the truce was signed, and three-fourths of them saw actual combat. Most of the inductees had not attended high school, and about one in five was foreign-born.
The eight-month training period took place partly in the United States and partly in Europe. During this time, the men put in 17-hour days on target practice, bayonet drill, kitchen duty, and cleaning up the grounds. Since real weapons were in short supply, soldiers often drilled with fake weapons. They used rocks instead of hand grenades or wooden poles instead of rifles.

What was the United States’ primary concern in raising an army during WWI?

Getting as many soldiers as they could, as quickly as they could.

Ensuring that all the soldiers could understand at least a little bit of the German language

Ensuring that all the soldiers were native-born Americans with a high level of education

Ensuring that experienced soldiers signed up to serve in the military

A New Kind of War
      Not only did World War I see the use of trench warfare, but it saw the first large-scale use of weapons that would become standard in modern war. Although some of these weapons were new, others, like the machine gun, had been so refined that they changed the nature of warfare. The new guns could hit targets that were miles away. And capable of firing 600 rounds a minute, machine guns could inflict heavy casualties on the enemy. In fact, they were responsible for 90 percent of Allied casualties at the Battle of the Somme in 1916.

How did new technologies change the nature of warfare during WWI?

Newer technologies made weaponry more precise and efficient. Wounds were easier to clean and heal, which made warfare more humane.

Each of these inventions provided a new way for armies to inflict devastating casualties on their enemies, leading to a much higher death toll than any previous war.

Because Germany had the most advanced weaponry, it made it easy for them to quickly take over all of Europe.

New technologies made it possible for small groups of soldiers to inflict massive casualties on an enemy. This allowed countries to place fewer soldiers on the battlefield, leading to less deaths overall.

How do Wilson’s Fourteen Points address the causes of World War I?

Wilson’s Fourteen Points demand that Austria-Hungary receives compensation for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points were looking for ways to make Germany pay for its war crimes so that Germany could not wage another world war.

The Fourteen Points directly address the concerns of Germany and attempt to appease its leaders so that they will not seek revenge.

The Fourteen Points directly address the problems of nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and the alliance system and attempts to ensure world peace.

Based on his Fourteen Points and the quote above, which of the following best summarizes Woodrow Wilson’s desires for the post-war world?

Woodrow Wilson wants to ensure that the United States comes out of the war as the most powerful country in the world.

Woodrow Wilson desires that each country is treated fairly and gains the right to self-determination.

Woodrow Wilson wants to make Germany pay for their aggression.

Woodrow Wilson wishes to return the world to what it was before the start of the war.

Which country was made to sign a war-guilt clause as one of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, taking the entirety of the blame for WWI?

Serbia

The United States

Austria-Hungary

Germany

Postwar Fears
      Many Americans responded to the stressful conditions by becoming fearful of outsiders. Such unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign or strange is called xenophobia. A wave of nativism, or prejudice against foreign-born people, swept the nation. World War I had caused a wave of anti-German sentiment, which continued after the war’s end.
      For example, some schools stopped teaching German language classes and some Americans of German heritage changed their names to be more English-sounding. Anti-Semitism, or the hatred of Jews, also increased during the 1920s, as immigration from Jewish communities in Eastern Europe surged.
      Also prevalent was a belief in isolationism, a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. Isolationism was in contrast to internationalism, the engagement in global concerns that had begun to develop in the previous century.

After World War I, many Americans developed a sense of ___________, or an unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign or strange.

Internationalism

isolationism

nativism/xenophobia

anti-semitism

Postwar Fears
      Many Americans responded to the stressful conditions by becoming fearful of outsiders. Such unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign or strange is called xenophobia. A wave of nativism, or prejudice against foreign-born people, swept the nation. World War I had caused a wave of anti-German sentiment, which continued after the war’s end.
      For example, some schools stopped teaching German language classes and some Americans of German heritage changed their names to be more English-sounding. Anti-Semitism, or the hatred of Jews, also increased during the 1920s, as immigration from Jewish communities in Eastern Europe surged.
      Also prevalent was a belief in isolationism, a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. Isolationism was in contrast to internationalism, the engagement in global concerns that had begun to develop in the previous century.

According to the passage, against which people was much of this sense directed towards? 

Native Americans

Germans

Asians

African Americans

Postwar Fears
      Many Americans responded to the stressful conditions by becoming fearful of outsiders. Such unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign or strange is called xenophobia. A wave of nativism, or prejudice against foreign-born people, swept the nation. World War I had caused a wave of anti-German sentiment, which continued after the war’s end.
      For example, some schools stopped teaching German language classes and some Americans of German heritage changed their names to be more English-sounding. Anti-Semitism, or the hatred of Jews, also increased during the 1920s, as immigration from Jewish communities in Eastern Europe surged.
      Also prevalent was a belief in isolationism, a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs. Isolationism was in contrast to internationalism, the engagement in global concerns that had begun to develop in the previous century.

Why was this sense directed against those people?

The strong cultural difference between Asians and Americans led to a fear of those strange, foreign differences.

America had just fought a war against Germany

Native Americans were seen as less civilized than Americans, often considered “savages”

Despite the repeal of slavery, there was still much prejudice against African Americans

The Flapper
During the twenties, a new ideal emerged for some women: the flapper. This was a liberated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day. Close-fitting felt hats, bright waistless dresses an inch above the knees, skin-toned silk stockings, sleek pumps, and strings of beads replaced the dark and prim ankle-length dresses, whalebone corsets, and petticoats of Victorian days. Young women clipped their long hair into boyish bobs and dyed it jet black.
Many young women became more assertive. In their bid for equal status with men, some began smoking cigarettes, drinking in public, and talking openly about sex. These same actions would have ruined their reputations not many years before.
They danced the foxtrot, camel walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy with abandon.
Attitudes toward marriage changed as well. Many middle-class men and women began to view marriage as more of an equal partnership, although both agreed that housework and child-rearing remained a woman's job.

Which of the following correctly describes the new views that many women had toward marriage?

Marriage should not be based on romantic love and companionship.

Men should handle the housework and child-rearing duties.

Marriage should be more of an equal partnership between men and women.

Women should not work outside of the home and should only focus on raising children.

The Flapper
During the twenties, a new ideal emerged for some women: the flapper. This was a liberated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the day. Close-fitting felt hats, bright waistless dresses an inch above the knees, skin-toned silk stockings, sleek pumps, and strings of beads replaced the dark and prim ankle-length dresses, whalebone corsets, and petticoats of Victorian days. Young women clipped their long hair into boyish bobs and dyed it jet black.
Many young women became more assertive. In their bid for equal status with men, some began smoking cigarettes, drinking in public, and talking openly about sex. These same actions would have ruined their reputations not many years before.
They danced the foxtrot, camel walk, tango, Charleston, and shimmy with abandon.
Attitudes toward marriage changed as well. Many middle-class men and women began to view marriage as more of an equal partnership, although both agreed that housework and child-rearing remained a woman's job.

How did flappers rebel against the earlier styles and attitudes of the Victorian age?

They grew their hair long.

They altered their attitudes toward marriage.

They became less assertive.

They embraced new fashions.

Fear of Communism
One perceived threat to American life was the spread of communism, an
economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled
by a dictatorship. In order to equalize wealth and power, Communists
would put an end to private property, substituting government ownership
of factories, railroads, and other businesses. 

The Red Scare
The panic in the United States began in 1919, after revolutionaries in Russia overthrew the czarist regime. Vladimir I. Lenin and his followers, or Bolsheviks (“the majority”), established a new Communist state. Waving their symbolic red flag, Communists, or “Reds,” cried out for a worldwide revolution that would abolish capitalism everywhere. A Communist Party formed in the United States. Some 70,000 radicals joined, including some from the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). When several dozen bombs were mailed to government and business leaders, the public grew fearful that the Communists were taking over. A “Red Scare” gripped the country. U.S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer took the lead in trying to eradicate what many Americans saw as a real threat.

The Red Scare of the 1920s was fueled by the fear that...?

Communist ideas might spread in the United States.

Workers’ strikes might take a violent turn.

Italian immigrants might start illegal businesses.

Another world war might begin.

The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that resulted from what other significant event?

The Great Migration

The passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act

The sinking of the Lusitania

The rise of labor unions

American Industries Flourish
“The new president, Calvin Coolidge, fit into the pro-business spirit of the 1920s very well. It was he who said, "the chief business of the American people is business.... The man who builds a factory builds a temple – the man who works there worships there." Both Coolidge and his Republican successor, Herbert Hoover, favored government policies that would keep taxes down and business profits up, and give businesses more available credit in order to expand. Their goal was to minimize government involvement in business and to allow private enterprise to flourish.”

According to this passage of text, which of the following best describes the government’s attitude towards business during the 1920s? 

The government was working to transition the country into a wartime economy.

The government passed the 18th amendment to the Constitution, outlawing the sale and production of alcohol.

The government was adopting a laissez-faire attitude towards business.

Coolidge and Hoover were trying to transition to a Communist system of government, similar to the recent revolution in Russia.

American Industries Flourish
“The new president, Calvin Coolidge, fit into the pro-business spirit of the 1920s very well. It was he who said, "the chief business of the American people is business.... The man who builds a factory builds a temple – the man who works there worships there." Both Coolidge and his Republican successor, Herbert Hoover, favored government policies that would keep taxes down and business profits up, and give businesses more available credit in order to expand. Their goal was to minimize government involvement in business and to allow private enterprise to flourish.”

How did the government pursue its goals for businesses? 

They used propaganda to convince Americans to vote for Communist leaders.

They created organizations like the War Industries Board to help businesses transition to making wartime goods.

They reduced taxes and made it easier for businesses to borrow money.

They investigated and arrested criminals suspected of producing or selling alcohol.

Why were propaganda posters like the ones above effective in creating support for the war?

People enjoyed looking at the beauty

The posters demonstrated the superior battle tactics of the American military

They played on Americans’ feelings of nationalism.

The posters stirred up feelings of hatred for the enemy

What evidence from the images supports your answer to the previous question?

They used terrifying images to stir up hatred for the enemy

They used patriotic language and imagery, such as the colors of the American flag, to stir up feelings of national pride.

They used images of maps and battle plans to demonstrate the superior tactics of the U.S. military

They used rude, forceful language to bully people

(2025) U.S. History A -- Final Exam

(2025) U.S. History A -- Final Exam

All of the following contributed to the industrial boom during the Gilded Age EXCEPT:

Vertical and Horizontal Integration, business strategies used by tycoons like Andrew Carnegie, led to which of the following?

Which of the following best describes why people like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and Cornelius Vanderbilt were considered Robber Barons?

The Progressive movement of the early 1900s was primarily focused on which business-related issue?

What group do the large men at the back of the room represent?

What is the main idea of this cartoon?

Why are the men in the back of the picture so large?

Which of the following best describes Americans’ nativist attitude towards immigrants in the late 1800s?

How did nativism influence the United States' policy on immigration?

In the early 1900s, problems with overcrowding, high crime rates, and poor sanitation in big cities were most directly a result of:

Initiatives such as the recall, referendum, and direct primary are three examples of Progressive Era policies. How did they meet the goals of the Progressive movement?

Upton Sinclair and Ida M. Tarbell were considered muckrakers because they:

Based on this map of women's suffrage, you could infer that Kansas (KAN.) was _________________ than Missouri (MO.) in the early 1900s.

“No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.” --Booker T. WashingtonThis quote supports which of the following statements?

Why did muckrakers like Lewis Hine take these photos?

The purpose of Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal was to:

In the late 1800s, an increased demand for raw materials and a desire for new markets contributed to the United States adopting a policy of:

Which of the following best serves as evidence for the claim that Alfred T. Mahan was an imperialist?

How does this cartoon about the Open Door Policy with China reflect the goals of American imperialists?

Why did American sugar planters in Hawaii call for the United States to annex the islands?

What was a major purpose of these 1898 newspaper headlines?

Which of the following best serves as evidence for the claim that Theodore Roosevelt was an imperialist?

The Treaty of Paris (1898) granted the formerly Spanish territories of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States. Which of the following best describes the criticisms of this treaty?

Which of the following maps correctly identifies Latin America, the area identified by the Roosevelt Corollary as being within the United States' sphere of influence?

On June 28th, 1914, this man was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo. This event kicked off World War I.

During World War I, which countries comprised the Central Powers?

At the beginning of World War I, which countries made up the Allies?

Which allied country left World War I in 1917 after undergoing a revolution, reemerging as the communist Soviet Union?

How do Wilson’s Fourteen Points address the causes of World War I?

Based on his Fourteen Points and the quote above, which of the following best summarizes Woodrow Wilson’s desires for the post-war world?

Which country was made to sign a war-guilt clause as one of the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, taking the entirety of the blame for WWI?

The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement that resulted from what other significant event?

“No race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem.” --Booker T. Washington

This quote supports which of the following statements?