Directions: Use the information provided and your knowledge of Earth and Space Sciences to answer the following questions. Show all work where necessary.
Directions: Use the information provided and your knowledge of Earth and Space Sciences to answer the following questions. Show all work where necessary.
Every part of the Southwest experienced higher average temperatures between 2000 and 2023 than the long-term average (1895–2023). Some areas were more than 2oF warmer than average (see Figure 1).
Large portions of the Southwest have experienced drought conditions since weekly Drought Monitor records began in 2000. For extended periods from 2002 to 2005 and from 2012 to 2023, nearly the entire region was abnormally dry or even drier (see Figure 2).
Based on the long-term Palmer Index, drought conditions in the Southwest have varied since 1895. Since the early 1900s, the Southwest has experienced wetter conditions during three main periods: the 1900s, 1940s, and 1980s. Drier conditions occurred through the 1920s/1930s, again in the 1950s, and since 1990, when the Southwest has seen some of the most persistent droughts on record (see Figure 3).
The American Southwest might evoke images of a hot, dry landscape - a land of rock, canyons, and deserts baked by the sun. Indeed, much of this region has low annual rainfall and seasonally high temperatures that contribute to its characteristic desert climate. Yet this landscape actually supports a vast array of plants and animals, along with millions of people who call the Southwest home. All of these plants, animals, and people need water to survive.
Water is already scarce in the Southwest, so every drop is a precious resource. People in the Southwest are particularly dependent on surface water supplies like Lake Mead, which are vulnerable to evaporation. Thus, even a small increase in temperature (which drives evaporation) or a decrease in precipitation in this already arid region can seriously threaten natural systems and society. Droughts also contribute to increased pest outbreaks and wildfires, both of which damage local economies, and they reduce the amount of water available for generating electricity - for example, at the Hoover Dam.
While two other indicators present information about unusually high or low temperatures and drought on a national scale, this feature highlights the Southwest because of its particular sensitivity to temperature and drought. Parts of the Southwest are also experiencing long-term reductions in mountain snowpack, which accounts for a large portion of the region’s water supply. This feature focuses on six states that are commonly thought of as “southwestern” and characterized at least in part by arid landscapes and scarce water supplies: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. Temperature and drought data come from a network of thousands of weather stations overseen by the National Weather Service.
The map in Figure 1 shows how average annual temperatures in the Southwest from 2000 to 2023 differed from the average over the entire period since widespread temperature records became available (1895–2023).
Figures 2 and 3 show two ways of measuring drought in the Southwest: the Drought Monitor and the Palmer Drought Severity Index. The Palmer Index is calculated from precipitation and temperature measurements at weather stations, and has been used widely for many years. The Drought Monitor is a more recent and more detailed index based on several other indices (including Palmer), along with additional factors such as snow water content, groundwater levels, reservoir storage, pasture/range conditions, and other impacts.
Graph of Information - Figure 1.
This map shows how the average air temperature from 2000 to 2023 has differed from the long-term average
(1895–2023). To provide more detailed information, each state has been divided into climate divisions, which
are zones that share similar climate features.
Graph of Information - Figure 2.
This chart shows the percentage of land area in six southwestern states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada,
New Mexico, and Utah) classified under drought conditions from 2000 through 2023. This figure uses the U.S.
Drought Monitor classification system, which is described in the table in the Drought indicator.
Graph of Information - Figure 3.
This chart shows annual values of the Palmer Drought Severity Index, averaged over six states in the Southwest (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah). Positive values represent wetter-than-average conditions, while negative values represent drier-than-average conditions. A value between -2 and -3 indicates moderate drought, -3 to -4 is severe drought, and -4 or below indicates extreme drought. The thicker line is a
nine-year weighted average.
According to Figure 1, how did average temperatures in the Southwest from 2000–2023 compare to the long-term average (1895–2023)?
Using Figure 2, describe the trend in drought conditions in the American Southwest since 2000.
Based on Figure 3, which describes the long-term Palmer Drought Severity Index trend since 1990?
Explain how higher temperatures contribute to worsening droughts in the Southwest. Use evidence from the background.
Which is a major human impact of persistent drought in the Southwest?
Identify one ecological impact and one human impact of temperature rise and drought in the Southwest. Explain how both are connected to climate change.