judicial branch, judicial review

state governments, nullification

state governments, elastic clause

judicial branch, supremacy clause

A proclamation is a statement by a single branch of government and does not hold the force of law.

The fact that the president was not from the South caused many Southerners to fight the proclamation.

Because Southern farmers opposed the proclamation, Northern business leaders began to lose support for any tariffs.

Since the president and Calhoun could not come to an agreement, the proclamation did not hold the force of law.

The Supreme Court ruled the tariffs valid through judicial review.

Congress overcame Jackson’s veto of the bills with a two-thirds majority.

Because Calhoun was the vice president, the issue was settled by Congress.

Congress passed a law allowing the president to use military force to enforce the tariffs.

The president issued a proclamation stating that state governments were inferior to the federal government.

Congress rejected the tariffs but was ignored by the president when it came to executing the law.

John C. Calhoun, as vice president, raised constitutional issues about the tariffs that made the president look guilty.

The president was seen as having more power than Congress and, therefore, having more responsibility for the actions of the federal government.

judicial review

popular sovereignty

separation of powers

checks and balances

The United States Constitution allows the government to impose taxes.

The Declaration of Independence addresses issues of taxation and lack of representation.

The Articles of Confederation allow states to control taxes and limit the national government.

The Federalist Papers support the development of a constitution that establishes taxation.

working through the court system to declare the tariffs unconstitutional

working to elect a president and representatives who would overturn the laws

responding violently against any military force imposed by the Force Act

supporting John C. Calhoun in declaring Jackson unfit to be president and seizing control of the government

the ability to compromise in the legislative branch

the rule of law established through the Constitution

the social contract between citizens and the government

the idea of limited government established by the Magna Carta