
Aaron Fotheringham wants people to see their daily challenges in a new way. He doesn’t believe they are challenges. Instead, he believes they are opportunities to think differently. He feels strongly about this because he was born with spina bifida. Spina bifida is a birth defect in the spine, and it can damage the spinal cord. For Fotheringham, he can’t move his legs because of this defect. Throughout his childhood, his adoptive parents urged him to be as independent as possible, even if that meant he had to think of new and creative ways to deal with problems.
In school, Fotheringham refused to take the easier physical education classes. When the other students had to run a mile, he kept up by using crutches. While his friends biked, he would wheel quickly to keep up with them.
He loved the thrill of extreme sports. He realized his wheelchair could be an instrument for fun rather than just a medical device. His older brother began taking him to skate parks where bicycle motocross riders (or BMXers) would ride and do tricks. When Fotheringham first tried to do a trick in his chair, he fell hard. It hurt. But he realized he found something he loved to do—even though it would be difficult to learn.
Fotheringham practiced daring stunts, including wheeling down steep ramps and flipping off of them. After a lot of practice, he perfected a mid-air 180-degree turn. The next year, he landed the first wheelchair backflip. After posting his backflip on the internet, his life changed. Fotheringham’s backflip went viral! Since then, he’s performed record-breaking stunts all over the world. A lot of people call him by his nickname, “Wheelz.”
Beyond performing, Fotheringham also speaks to younger people who are in wheelchairs. He shows them how to use their chairs in different, fun ways. He is also working on creating a wheelchair that is perfect for big stunts. His goal is to inspire people to see their disability as a positive thing. He wants more people to experience the joy he has gotten from learning these daring stunts.
Choose the answer that best completes the sentence below.
People expected Fotheringham to take easier physical education classes, but , he took the same classes as his peers and found creative ways to keep up with them.

Kyle Maynard is a motivational speaker, award-winning athlete, and best-selling author. He also has a disability. Maynard was born on March 24, 1986, with a rare condition called congenital amputation. He was born with arms that end at the elbows and legs that end near the knees. His parents made a decision early on to give their child as much independence as possible. They wanted him to develop skills to work with his disability and accomplish everything he wanted to achieve.
Kyle Maynard loved playing sports throughout his childhood, and he got involved in a wrestling team when he was a middle school student. In his first year of wrestling, he lost every match. But Maynard stuck with the sport. In his senior year of high school, Maynard won 36 matches and made it to the state championships! He also began weightlifting this same year. By early 2009, he was able to lift 420 pounds with the assistance of leather straps and chains attached to his arms.
More recently, Kyle Maynard took on one of his biggest challenges yet: climbing the highest mountain in Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro. He trained for many months by climbing smaller mountains. His team of climbers consisted of war veterans with injuries and other disabilities. The purpose of the climb was to raise awareness for wounded American war veterans. The mission also donated $25,000 worth of medical supplies to the Mwereni Integrated School for the Blind in Tanzania. In just 10 days, Maynard became the first quadruple amputee to climb Mount Kilimanjaro without the help of artificial arms or legs.
Maynard believes excuses should not stop any person from living a full life. And he clearly lives by his “no excuses” philosophy, too. Maynard speaks about his many experiences to people of all ages all across the world. His book, No Excuses, became a New York Times Bestseller in 2005. He wrote about his wrestling experience and how he had overcome difficulties in his life.
What can you learn from Kyle Maynard’s journey?
Choose the answer that best completes the sentence below.
Kyle Maynard became a successful wrestler years of working on his wrestling skills.

Have you heard of the Paralympic Games? The Paralympic Games are a series of sporting events where athletes with different disabilities compete against each other. In the beginning of the Paralympic Games, athletes competed in eight sports. Now, top athletes across 100 countries compete in the Paralympic Games to win medals in many more sports!
Kadeena Cox is one of these top athletes. She began sprinting competitively at age 15. She was on her way to becoming a professional athlete. But when she was 23, she experienced a stroke. A stroke happens when the flow of blood to the brain is suddenly interrupted. This causes damage to parts of the brain. Cox was rushed to the hospital, and she recovered after a few months. Not long after that incident, she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is a lifelong disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. The disease can cause numbness, muscle damage, vision issues, speech issues, and more. Kadeena Cox has shared about her experience, revealing that sometimes her legs and arms don’t work and she has to use a wheelchair to get around. Her symptoms are a daily challenge. However, she does not let her disease define her.
Just two years after her diagnosis, Cox had trained and was ready to compete in the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio. Unlike most Paralympic athletes, Cox competed in two different sports. In addition to track and field, she also competed in cycling. She won four medals, and two of them were gold: one for each sport! She was the first British Paralympian to medal in two different sports since 1984. In 2017, she went to the World Championships in London and won three medals. She has since competed in more championship games and has experienced much success in both sports.
Cox’s love of sports continues. She has even learned how to snowboard! She has big plans for her future and never stops training for the next competition.
What condition was Aaron Fotheringham born with?
Fotheringham’s older brother took him to skate parks to watch BMXers. How did that affect him?
Read the following sentences from the text.
“When Fotheringham first tried to do a trick in his chair, he fell hard. It hurt. But he realized he found something he loved to do—even though it would be difficult to learn. Fotheringham practiced daring stunts, including wheeling down steep ramps and flipping off of them. After a lot of practice, he perfected a mid-air 180-degree turn. The next year, he landed the first wheelchair backflip.”
What conclusion can you draw from this evidence?
According to the text, how does Fotheringham use his love of BMX to help others?
What is the main idea of this text?
Read the following sentences from the text.
“He loved the thrill of extreme sports. He realized his wheelchair could be an instrument for fun rather than just a medical device. His older brother began taking him to skate parks where bicycle motocross riders (or BMXers) would ride and do tricks….Fotheringham practiced daring stunts, including wheeling down steep ramps and flipping off of them.”
As used in this excerpt, what does the word “thrill” most closely mean?
What condition was Kyle Maynard born with?
Kyle Maynard’s parents wanted to give him independence so he could develop the skills to reach his goals. Based on the text, what effect did this have on him as he grew up?
Read the following sentences.
“More recently, Kyle Maynard took one of his biggest challenges yet: climbing the highest mountain in Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro. […] The purpose of the climb was to raise awareness for wounded American war veterans. The mission also donated $25,000 worth of medical supplies to the Mwereni Integrated School for the Blind in Tanzania.”
What conclusion can you draw from this evidence?
How does Kyle Maynard follow his life motto of living a “no excuses” lifestyle?
What is the main idea of this text
Read the following sentences.
“His parents made a decision early on to give their child as much independence as possible. They wanted him to develop skills to work with his disability and accomplish everything he wanted to achieve.”
As used in this excerpt, what does the phrase “accomplish” most closely mean?”
What are the Paralympic Games?
What two health problems does the author list in the second paragraph that Kadeena Cox experienced?
Read the following sentences from the text.
"Unlike most Paralympic athletes, Cox competed in two different sports. In addition to track and field, she also competed in cycling. She won four medals, and two of them were gold: one for each sport! She was the first British Paralympian to medal in two different sports since 1984."
What can you conclude about Cox based on this information?
How did Cox adapt to her life as someone with a long-term disease?
What is the main idea of this text
Read the sentence from the passage.
"She began sprinting competitively at age 15."
What does the word competitively mean?
Read the sentence from the passage.
"Kadeena Cox has shared about her experience, revealing that sometimes her legs and arms don't work and she has to use a wheelchair to get around."
What does the word revealing mean in this sentence?